MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana)

Development of A Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Atenolol using Soybean Oil, Olive Oil and Virgin Coconut Oil

2025-07-01T04:14:54+00:00

Oral formulations remain the primary method of drug delivery, however, the solubility and lipophilicity of compounds such as atenolol present significant obstacles. Atenolol, a β1-selective antihypertensive agent, exhibits limited solubility in both aqueous and gastrointestinal environments. Atenolol is developed in a lipid-based delivery system, specifically the Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS), to enhance its bioavailability and resolve this issue. SNEDDS can improve drug solubility by generating spontaneous nanoemulsions in the gastrointestinal tract. This study aims to evaluate and improve the main components of SNEDDS, specifically oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, according to the parameters of % transmittance, polydispersity index (PI), and zeta potential. The research findings suggest that the nine formulas have not yet achieved the optimal attributes concerning clarity and durability against dilution. Differences in oil types and amounts of surfactants and cosurfactants influence droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Formulas 2 (soybean oil), 7, and 9 (olive oil) exhibit physicochemical parameters that meets the criteria and possess potential for further advancement.

Submitted: 10-04-2025, Revised: 22-04-2025, Accepted: 07-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Stabilitas Fisikokimia dan Penghantaran Polisakarida Acemannan dalam Body Scrub Ekstrak Lidah Buaya: Variasi Tween 80 dan Gliseril Monostearat

2025-07-01T04:15:15+00:00

Lidah buaya memiliki manfaat menutrisi dan melembapkan kulit karena kandungan polisakarida acemannan sebagai humektan, sehingga sering digunakan dalam produk perawatan tubuh, termasuk body scrub. Stabilitas krim body scrub dipengaruhi komposisi emulgator tween 80 dan gliseril monostearat yang menjaga homogenitas dan stabilitas produk selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi konsentrasi emulgator terhadap stabilitas dan penghantaran acemannan dalam body scrub lidah buaya. Body scrub diformulasikan dalam tiga formula yang mengandung ekstrak lidah buaya, rice bran oil, virgin coconut oil, microbeads polyethylene, dan kombinasi emulgator tween 80 dan gliseril monostearat dengan konsentrasi 4%, 5%, dan 6% untuk formula I, II, dan III. Pengamatan stabilitas dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 7, 14, dan 30 untuk parameter organoleptis, berat jenis, tipe emulsi, ukuran droplet, viskositas, sifat alir, daya sebar, dan pH. Penghantaran zat aktif berkhasiat diamati dari parameter kadar acemannan. Ketiga formula body scrub memenuhi spesifikasi. Variasi konsentrasi emulgator mempengaruhi ukuran droplet dan stabilitas body scrub. Body scrub formula III dengan konsentrasi total emulgator 6% merupakan formula terbaik yang stabil pada keseluruhan parameter termasuk kadar acemannan tertinggi, serta keunggulan pada karakteristik ukuran droplet yang lebih kecil.

Aloe vera is widely used in body care products due to its moisturizing and skin-nourishing properties, attributed to the presence of the polysaccharide acemannan, a natural humectant. The stability of body scrub creams is influenced by the composition of emulsifiers such as tween 80 and glyceryl monostearate, which maintain product homogeneity during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying emulsifier concentrations on the stability and acemannan delivery of Aloe vera-based body scrubs. Three formulations were prepared using Aloe vera extract, rice bran oil, virgin coconut oil, polyethylene microbeads, and a combination of tween 80 and glyceryl monostearate at total concentrations of 4%, 5%, and 6% in Formulas I, II, and III, respectively. Stability assessments were conducted on days 0, 7, 14, and 30, evaluating organoleptic properties, specific gravity, emulsion type, droplet size, viscosity, flow behavior, spreadability, and pH. The delivery of the bioactive compound was evaluated based on the acemannan content. All formulations met general specification requirements. Emulsifier concentration influenced droplet size and overall formulation stability. Formula III, with 6% total emulsifier, demonstrated the highest stability across all parameters, including the smallest droplet size and the highest acemannan content, indicating it as the most optimal formulation.

Submitted: 27-03-2025, Revised: 22-05-2025, Accepted: 28-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Formulation of Lempuyang Essential Oil Lotion (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith) as a Mosquito Repellent

2025-07-01T04:15:56+00:00

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, pose a significant public health threat in Indonesia, with cases increasing to 400,000 in 2023. This study focuses on developing a natural mosquito repellent lotion using lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith) essential oil, known for its insecticidal properties, as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic repellents. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate a mosquito repellent lotion using lempuyang essential oil at varying concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) and assess its physical properties, safety, and repellent efficacy. Lempuyang essential oil was extracted via steam distillation from fresh rhizomes. Lotion formulations were prepared with different oil concentrations and evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, spreadability, and stability. Skin irritation tests were conducted and mosquito repellent efficacy was tested using Culex sp. mosquitoes in a controlled environment. The essential oil extraction via steam distillation yielded 0.4% oil from fresh lempuyang rhizomes, producing a pale yellowish-white oil. All lotion formulations exhibited desirable organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and spreadability (5–7 cm), with pH levels (6.18–7.46) suitable for skin application. Stability tests confirmed no changes in appearance, color, or odor over four weeks. Irritation tests showed no adverse reactions, confirming the lotion’s safety. The 15% formulation demonstrated the highest mosquito repellent efficacy, providing 82.45% protection, outperforming the 5% and 10% formulations. These results highlight the 15% lempuyang essential oil lotion as a promising, natural, and safe mosquito repellent.

Submitted: 23-03-2025, Revised: 16-04-2025, Accepted: 21-04-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Perbandingan Kadar Total Antosianin Pada Ekstrak dan Sediaan Lip Tint Mengandung Ekstrak Bunga Rosela

2025-07-01T04:16:18+00:00

Lip tint merupakan salah satu jenis kosmetik bibir yang memiliki tekstur ringan dan cair. Salah satu zat utama dalam lip tint adalah zat warna. Bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pewarna alami karena mengandung senyawa antosianin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan total antosianin pada lip tint yang diformulasi dengan ekstrak bunga rosela sebagai pewarna alami serta membandingkan kadar total antosianin pada ekstrak bunga rosela dan lip tint. Metode analisis untuk penetapan kadar total antosianin dilakukan secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis sesuai Farmakope Herbal Indonesia II. Hasil pengujian diperoleh kadar total antosianin pada ekstrak bunga rosela dan lip tint masing-masing 5,9371 mg ⁄ L ± 0,30 dan 7,5568 mg ⁄ L ± 0,15. Perbandingan kadar total antosianin diuji statistik menggunakan uji T berpasangan dan diperoleh nilai sig. 0,038. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu kadar total antosianin dalam lip tint lebih tinggi dibandingkan ekstrak murninya.

Lip tint is a type of lip cosmetic with a light and liquid texture. One of the main components in lip tint is a coloring agent. Roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) can be utilized as a natural coloring ingredient due to its anthocyanin content. This study aims to determine the total anthocyanin content in lip tint formulated with roselle extract as a natural colorant and compare the total anthocyanin levels between roselle extract and lip tint. The analysis method for determining total anthocyanin content was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometry according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia II. The results showed that the total anthocyanin content in roselle extract and lip tint was 5.9371 mg/L ± 0.30 and 7.5568 mg/L ± 0.15, respectively. The comparison of total anthocyanin levels was statistically analyzed using a paired t-test, resulting in a significance value of 0.038. The conclusion of this study is that the total anthocyanin content in the lip tint increased compared to its pure extract.

Submitted: 12-03-2025, Revised: 14-04-2025, Accepted: 07-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Serum Antijerawat yang Mengandung Minyak Atsiri Bunga Lawang (Illicium verum Hook. f.)

2025-07-01T04:17:41+00:00

Acne vulgaris merupakan peradangan unit polisebasea yang sering dikaitkan dengan infeksi Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Penggunaan antibakteri topikal seperti klindamisin secara berlebihan telah menyebabkan resistensi C. acnes, sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengobatan. Minyak atsiri bunga lawang (Illicium verumHook. f.) mengandung trans-anetol yang diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, namun belum banyak diteliti terhadap C. acnes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri bunga lawang terhadap C. acnes, menentukan nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), serta mengembangkan formula serum topikal yang optimal dan efektivitas antibakteri serum minyak atsiri bunga lawang. Metode yang digunakan meliputi uji difusi agar dan makrodilusi. Kontrol positif berupa gel 1% klindamisin, sedangkan kontrol negatif menggunakan DMSO 100% dan formula tanpa minyak atsiri. Minyak atsiri konsentrasi 100% menunjukkan zona hambat terbesar 12,875 ± 0,609 mm. MIC tercatat sebesar 1,56%, sedangkan MBC >25%. Formula serum terbaik adalah F2 yang mengandung 5% minyak atsiri, dengan hasil evaluasi mutu organoleptis berupa cair agak kental berwarna putih dengan aroma khas bunga lawang, homogen, pH 4,947, tipe emulsi m/a, belum memenuhi syarat untuk viskositas dan daya sebar serta mempunyai zona hambat 7,558 ± 0,319 mm. Hasil ini menunjukkan potensi minyak atsiri sebagai antibakteri alternatif dalam pengobatan jerawat.

Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory condition of the pilosebaceous unit frequently associated with Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) infection. Excessive use of topical antibiotics such as clindamycin has led to the emergence of resistant C. acnes strains, necessitating alternative therapeutic approaches. Illicium verum essential oil, known for its high trans-anethole content, possesses antibacterial properties, though its efficacy against C. acnes remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of I. verum essential oil against C. acnes, determine its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and develop an optimized topical serum formulation. Antibacterial activity was assessed using agar diffusion and macro-dilution methods. A 1% clindamycin gel served as the positive control, while 100% DMSO and a base formulation without essential oil were used as negative controls. The 100% essential oil exhibited the largest inhibition zone (12.875 ± 0.609 mm), with an MIC of 1.56% and MBC >25%. The optimal serum formulation (F2) contained 5% essential oil and showed desirable organoleptic properties, pH 4.947, oil-in-water emulsion type, though it did not meet the criteria for viscosity and spreadability. Its antibacterial zone was 7.558 ± 0.319 mm. These findings indicate the potential of I. verum essential oil as an alternative antibacterial agent for acne treatment.

Submitted: 16-08-2024, Revised: 16-12-2024, Accepted: 21-04-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Efek Rasio Minyak dan Rimpang Jahe (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) terhadap Laju Reaksi Antiinflamasi Minyak Urut Tradisional dari Minyak Jelantah Teradsorpsi

2025-07-01T04:17:21+00:00

Minyak jahe mengandung sejumlah minyak atsiri yang diketahui memiliki efek anti inflamasi. Minyak atsiri dapat diperoleh dengan cara adsorpsi rimpang jahe menggunakan minyak jelantah teradsorpsi. Rasio rimpang dengan pelarut dapat mempengaruhi jumlah minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan serta kecepatan reaksi anti inflamasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu melakukan optimasi waktu kontak dan formula minyak urut dengan berbagai rasio minyak jelantah dan rimpang jahe untuk menghasilkan kualitas minyak urut terbaik berdasarkan kandungan metabolit yang diperoleh, serta mengidentifikasi karakteristik kinetika reaksi terhadap efek anti inflamasinya. Metode analisis kandungan senyawa minyak urut pada penelitian ini menggunakan GC-MS, efek anti inflamasi diukur dengan pengukuran volume inflamasi pada hewan uji, dan analisis kinetika dengan pendekatan model arrhenius. Peningkatan waktu kontak minyak jelantah dengan rimpang jahe menghasilkan 4 komponen yaitu asam oleat, camphene, eucalyptol dan gingerol yang meningkat seiring bertambahnya waktu kontak dengan orde reaksi 1. Perbedaan rasio minyak jelantah dan waktu kontak dengan rimpang jahe menghasilkan perbedaan kandungan minyak jahe yang diadsorpsi dengan nilai orde reaksi 1 untuk formula minyak urut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa adsorpsi minyak jahe menggunakan minyak jelantah mampu meningkatkan kualitas minyak urut dengan membandingkan waktu kontak dan rasio minyak jelantah.

Ginger oil contains a number of essential oils that are known to have anti-inflammatory effects. Essential oils can be obtained by adsorbing ginger rhizomes using adsorbed used cooking oil (UsO). The yield of essential oils can be affected by the ratio of solvents and ginger rhizomes used along with the rate of anti-inflammatory reactions. The objective of this research was to optimize the contact time and formula of massage oil with various ratios of UsO and ginger rhizome to produce the best-quality massage oil based on the metabolite content obtained, as well as to identify the reaction kinetics characteristics related to its anti-inflammatory effects. The method of analyzing the content of massage oil compounds in this study used GC-MS, with the anti-inflammatory effect measured by assessing the volume of inflammation in test animals, and the kinetic analysis carried out using the Arrhenius model approach. The increase in the contact time of UsO with ginger rhizomes produces 4 components, namely oleic acid, camphene, eucalyptol and gingerol which increase with the increase in contact time with reaction order 1. The difference in the ratio of UsO and the contact time with the ginger rhizome resulted in a difference in the content of adsorbed ginger oil with a reaction order value of 1 for the massage oil formula. The results showed that the adsorption of ginger oil using Uso was able to improve the quality of massage oil by comparing the contact time and ratio of used cooking oil.

Submitted: 07-01-2025, Revised: 28-03-2025, Accepted: 08-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Seledri (Apium graveolens L.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Polivinil Alkohol (PVA)

2025-07-01T04:15:36+00:00

Seledri (Apium graveolens L.) memiliki kandungan flavonoid, saponin dan tanin yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri pada Cutibacterium acnes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan manfaat seledri dalam bentuk masker gel peel-off dengan konsentrasi polivinil alkohol (PVA) sebagai lapisan film sebesar 4%, 7%, dan 10%, serta mengetahui hasil uji mutu fisik dan uji stabilitas menggunakan metode cycling test dengan suhu ± 4°C dan ± 40°C selama 3 siklus. Analisis data hasil uji stabilitas diolah menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA. Hasil uji mutu fisik menunjukan bahwa masker gel peel-off ekstrak seledri dengan variasi konsentrasi PVA memiliki perbedaan pada hasil uji organoleptis, uji pH, uji daya sebar, uji daya lekat dan uji waktu mengering. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa ketiga formula masker gel peel-off ekstrak seledri stabil selama pengujian. Konsentrasi PVA yang menunjukkan hasil paling baik yaitu PVA 10% dengan bentuk sangat kental, pH 5,42 ± 0,02, daya sebar 5,16 ± 0,03 cm, daya lekat 5,23 ± 0,06 detik, dan waktu mengering 18,0 ± 1,0 menit.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) contains flavonoids, saponins and tannins which have antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. This study aims to develop the benefits of celery in the form of a peel-off gel mask with a concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a film layer of 4%, 7%, and 10%, also determining the results of physical quality and stability tests using the cycling test method with temperatures of ± 4°C and ± 40°C for 3 cycles. Analysis of stability test data was processed using the One-Way ANOVA test. The results of the physical quality test showed that the celery extract peel-off gel mask with variations in PVA concentration had differences in the results of organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesion and drying time tests. The stability test results showed that the three celerys extract peel-off gel mask formulas were stable during testing. The PVA concentration that showed the best results was 10% PVA with a very thick form, pH 5.42 ± 0.02, spreadability 5.16 ± 0.03 cm, adhesiveness 5.23 ± 0.06 seconds, and drying time 18.0 ± 1.0 minutes.

Submitted: 27-03-2025, Revised: 26-05-2025, Accepted: 03-06-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Formulasi dan Uji Karakteristik Sabun Cair dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)

2025-07-01T10:56:33+00:00

Sabun merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari sebagai agen pembersih untuk melawan kuman dan bakteri. Bahan baku sabun dapat terbuat dari bahan kimia maupun alami. Salah satu tanaman herbal seperti buah mahkota dewa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tambahan dalam pembuatan sabun karena memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan cemaran mikroba pada sediaan sabun cair ekstrak mahkota dewa dengan rasio konsentrasi yang berbeda (4%, 8%, dan 12%). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu eksperimental yang meliputi formulasi sediaan, pemeriksaan organoleptis, pH, viskositas, bobot jenis, angka lempeng total (ALT), dan hedonik. Hasil karakteristik sabun cair ekstrak buah mahkota yang diperoleh pada uji organoleptis berbentuk cairan dengan warna kecoklatan dan bau khas, pada uji pH pada sediaan sabun cair ekstrak buah mahkota dewa didapatkan hasil rentang 4 – 10, pada uji viskositas didapatkan hasil rentang 1484 - 3154 cPs, pada uji bobot jenis didapatkan rentang 1,03 - 1,14g/mL, pada uji ALT didapatkan cemaran 0,05. Hasil evaluasi karakteristik pH, viskositas, bobot jenis, dan hedonik menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi terhadap parameter tersebut, sedangkan pada parameter tekstur dan warna terdapat pengaruh.

Soap is one of the basic human needs in everyday life as a cleaning agent to fight germs and bacteria. Soap raw materials can be made from chemical or natural materials. One of the herbal plants such as mahkota dewa fruit can be used as an additional in making soap because it has antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and microbial contamination in liquid soap preparations of mahkota dewa extract with different concentration ratios (4%, 8%, and 12%). The method in this study was experimental which included formula preparation, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, total plate count (ALT), and hedonic examination. The results of the characteristics of liquid soap extract of mahkota dewa fruit obtained in the organoleptic test were in the form of a brownish liquid and a distinctive odor, in the pH test on the liquid soap preparation of mahkota fruit extract, the results ranged from 4 to 10, in the viscosity test, the results ranged from 1484 to 3154 cPs, in the specific gravity test, the range was 1.03 - 1.14g/mL, in the ALT test, contamination was 0.05. The results of the evaluation of pH, viscosity, specific gravity, and hedonic characteristics showed that there was no effect of differences in concentration on these parameters, while there was an effect on the texture and color parameters.

Submitted: 28-04-2025, Revised: 18-06-2025, Accepted: 25-06-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Unraveling The Nephroprotective Potential of Curcuma zedoaria Against Chronic Kidney Disease: A Network Pharmacology Approach

2025-07-01T10:57:28+00:00

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global health concern with limited treatment options. Curcuma zedoaria , a traditional medicinal plant, has shown potential in managing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions. This study aimed to explore its nephroprotective mechanisms through a network pharmacology approach. A total of 12 bioactive compounds were identified from C. zedoaria and screened for drug-likeness. SwissTargetPrediction revealed multiple molecular targets, with curdione, dehydrocurdione, and curcumin showing the highest connectivity. Integration with CKD-associated genes from GeneCards and GSE66494 datasets yielded 241 common targets. Using Cytoscape, a compound–target–disease network was constructed, highlighting key biological processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. PPI analysis identified top hub proteins including HSP90AA1, STAT3, SRC, AKT1, MAPK1, and MAPK3. Functional enrichment via GO and KEGG pathways revealed significant involvement of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and HIF-1 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that C. zedoaria exerts protective effects through a multitarget mechanism modulating critical pathways in CKD progression. This study provides a theoretical basis for further experimental validation and supports the potential use of C. zedoaria as a complementary therapy in CKD management.

Submitted: 21-05-2025, Revised: 15-06-2025, Accepted: 17-06-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Optimization of Papaya Leaf Extract Cream Using Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine via Simplex Lattice Design

2025-07-01T10:58:16+00:00

Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, making them promising for topical pharmaceutical preparations. However, achieving optimal physical characteristics in cream formulations requires careful selection and proportioning of emulsifiers. This study investigates the effect of varying ratios of stearic acid and triethanolamine on the physical properties of creams containing ethanol-extracted papaya leaf extract. The extract was obtained via maceration using 96% ethanol and confirmed to contain active compounds through phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography. Eight formulations were developed using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with stearic acid concentrations ranging from 15–17% and triethanolamine from 2–4%. Physical evaluations included tests for pH, viscosity, adhesion, and spreadability. All formulations met standard of cream quality requirements, but the optimal formula was identified at 15.20% stearic acid and 3.79% triethanolamine, offering the most desirable physical characteristics. This formulation strategy demonstrates the potential for producing effective and stable papaya leaf creams, with implications for natural-based dermatological product development.

Submitted: 05-05-2025, Revised: 18-06-2025, Accepted: 25-06-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Efek Samping Agranulositosis Imbas Metamizole: Kajian Pustaka

2025-07-01T10:58:59+00:00

Agranulositosis merupakan kondisi yang jarang terjadi, namun dapat berpotensi fatal dan menyebabkan kematian apabila tidak ditindaklanjuti secara tepat dan cepat. Insidensi agranulositosis yaitu 6,2 juta kasus/penduduk/tahun. Agranulositosis imbas obat dapat disebabkan oleh analgesik antipiretik metamizole, dimana aksesibilitas metamizole mudah di Indonesia. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk memaparkan kejadian agranulositosis imbas metamizole. Tinjauan pustaka dilakukan dengan pencarian artikel melalui basis data Pubmed dan Google Scholar. Berdasarkan eksplorasi literatur, beberapa faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian agranulositosis adalah jenis kelamin, usia lanjut, infeksi virus dan durasi penggunaan yang lebih lama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pertimbangan mengenai manfaat dan risiko penggunaan metamizole.

Agranulocytosis is a rare but potentially fatal condition that can lead to death if not promptly and appropriately managed. The incidence of agranulocytosis is estimated at 6.2 cases per million population per year. Drug-induced agranulocytosis can be triggered by the use of the analgesic and antipyretic agent metamizole, which remains widely accessible in Indonesia. This article aims to present findings related to agranulocytosis induced by metamizole. This literature review was conducted through article searches in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Based on the reviewed literature, several risk factors influencing the occurrence of agranulocytosis include female gender, older age, viral infections, and prolonged duration of metamizole use. Therefore, careful consideration of the benefits and risks of metamizole use is essential in clinical practice.

Submitted: 24-01-2025, Revised: 19-05-2025, Accepted: 26-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025

Kajian Pembentukan Dispersi Padat Atenolol Menggunakan Metode Freeze Drying

2025-07-01T10:59:32+00:00

Atenolol merupakan obat golongan β1-adrenoblocker selektif yang digunakan untuk mengobati kondisi kardiovaskular seperti hipertensi dan angina pektoris. Namun, atenolol memiliki kelarutan dan permeabilitas yang rendah hal ini dapat membatasi bioavailabilitas oralnya. Salah satu metode yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kelarutan dan laju disolusi obat dengan kelarutan rendah adalah melalui pembentukan dispersi padat. Dispersi padat melibatkan pembawa obat dalam matriks yang bersifat inert dalam keadaan padat, yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan dan stabilitas obat. Metode freeze drying (liofilisasi) digunakan dalam pembuatan dispersi padat atenolol untuk menghindari dekomposisi termal dan menghasilkan dispersi molekuler yang homogen. Karakterisasi dispersi padat yang dihasilkan meliputi analisis morfologi, identifikasi gugus fungsi, sifat kristalinitas, analisis termal, ukuran partikel, distribusi ukuran partikel, dan potensi zeta. Pada berbagai penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa dispersi padat dapat meningkatkan kelarutan dan laju disolusi atenolol secara signifikan.

Atenolol is a selective β1-adrenoblocker drug used to treat cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and angina pectoris. However, atenolol has low solubility and permeability, which can limit its oral bioavailability. One effective method to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of drugs with low solubility is through the formation of solid dispersions. Solid dispersions involve drug carriers in an inert matrix in the solid state, which can increase the solubility and stability of the drug. The freeze drying (lyophilization) method is used in the preparation of atenolol solid dispersions to avoid thermal decomposition and produce homogeneous molecular dispersions. Characterization of the resulting solid dispersions includes morphological analysis, identification of functional groups, crystallinity properties, thermal analysis, particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. Various previous studies have shown that solid dispersions can significantly increase the solubility and dissolution rate of atenolol.

Submitted: 05-02-2025, Revised: 10-04-2025, Accepted: 16-05-2025, Published regularly: June 2025