Subjective and Projective Measures of Thesis Writing Procrastination: Real World and The Sims World
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multi-methods, procrastination, Temporal Motivation Theory, The Sims, thesis
Abstract
Although it has been studied since 1980s, the theoretical framework for procrastination has just been comprehensively developed about two decades later. This study applied Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT) as a theoretical framework to develop thesis writing procrastination instruments, using self report and Sim’s behavior observation methods. Self-report results of 232 undergraduate students have fulfilled psychometric norms, concerning either the reliability or validity aspects. Observation of Sim’s behaviors, performed by 48 students, also fulfilled some of the psychometric criteria. The discovery of contradictory patterns of academic activities in the real world against The Sims 2 World was perceived as evidences of basic value differences and manifestation of defense mechanism. Inclusion of subject’s responses on The Sims 2 game play pattern scale in the hierarchical linear regression equation improved the prediction power toward latency of thesis completion.
Sekalipun telah dipelajari sejak 1980-an, kerangka kerja teoretis penunda-nundaan (prokrastinasi) baru tersusun secara komprehensif sekitar dua dekade kemudian. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka kerja teoretis Teori Motivasi Temporal (Temporal Motivation Theory/TMT) untuk mengembangkan alat ukur penunda-nundaan pengerjaan tugas akhir dengan laporan diri dan pengamatan perilaku sim. Hasil pengukuran laporan diri terhadap 232 mahasiswa telah memenuhi kaidah psikometris baik dari segi reliabilitas maupun validitas. Hasil pengamatan terhadap perilaku sim yang dikendalikan 48 mahasiswa juga telah memadai dari segi reliabilitas dan validitas. Ditemukannya pola berlawanan antara pengerjaan kegiatan akademik pada dunia nyata dan dunia The Sims 2, dimaknai sebagai bukti adanya perbedaan nilai dasar serta perwujudan mekanisme pertahanan diri. Penambahan prediktor berupa pola bermain The Sims 2 berhasil meningkatkan daya prediksi terhadap latensi penyelesaian skripsi.
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References
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Arini, S. (2006). Jalur cepat bikin makalah. Majalah Suara Mahasiswa UI, 21(22) [On-line], Retrieved from http://suma.ui.edu/cetak.php?id = 3
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Busemeyer, J. R., & Jones, L.E. (1983). The analysis of multiplicative combination rules when the causal variables are measured with error. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 237-244.
Bussey, L. H. (2006). Measuring the instructional leadership values and beliefs of school leaders. Values and Ethics in Educational Administration, 4(3), 1-8.
Carden, R. , Bryant, C. & Moss, R. (2004) Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95, 581-582.
Carver, C. S. (1989). How should multifaceted personality constructs be tested? Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 56, 577-585.
Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
Clark, J. L., & Hill, O. W. (1994). Academic procrastination among African-American college students. Psycho- logical Reports, 75(2), 931–936.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Evans, M. G. (1991). The problem of analyzing multipli- cative composites: Interactions revisited. American Psy- chologist, 46, 6-15.
Ferrari, J. R., Parker, J. T., & Ware, C.B. (1992). Academic procrastination: Personality correlates with Myers-Briggs types, self-efficacy, and academic locus of control. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 7(3), 495-502.
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Ferrari, J. R. (1993). Christmas and procrastination: Expla- ining lack of diligence at a "real-world" task deadline. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 25-33.
Gleser, G. C., & Ihilevich, D. (1969). An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 51-60.
Good, C. E. (2002). Factors affecting dissertation progress. Unpublished dissertation, University of Arkansas.
Green, L. (1982). Minority students’ self-control of procrastination. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 636-644.
Griebel, T. (2006). Self-Portrayal in a simulated life: Projecting personality and values in The Sims 2. Game Studies, 6(1). Retrieved from http://gamestudies.org/06 01/articles/griebel
Gröpel, P., & Steel, P. (2008). A mega-trial investigation of goal setting, interest enhancement, and energy on procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences , 45, 406-411.
Gunawinata, V.A.R., Nanik, & Lasmono, H.K. (2008). Perfeksionisme, prokrastinasi akademik, dan penyele- saian skripsi Mahasiswa. Anima, Indonesian Psycho- logical Journal, 23(3), 256-276.
Hardman, & Santosa, E.M. (2008). Uji validitas dan reliabilitas portrait value questionnaire (PVQ) schwartz. Skripsi, tidak diterbitkan. Jakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. [Online]. Retrieved from http://lib.atmajaya.ac. id/default.aspx?tab ID = 61&src = k&id = 146384
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Indriati, E. (2003). Menulis karya ilmiah. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
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Kohun, F., & Ali, A. (2005). Isolation feelings in doctoral programs: A case study. Issues in Information Systems, 6(1), 379-385. Kosak, D. (2004). Exclusive Hands-On: The Sims 2. Retrieved from http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-sims-2/540847p1.html
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Lay, C., & Silverman, S. (1996). Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(1), 61-67.
Lay, C. H.., Kovacs, A., & Danto, D. (1998). The relation of trait procrastination to the big-five factor conscientious- ness: An assessment with primary-junior school children based on self-report scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 187-193.
Lindeman, M,, & Verkasalo, M. (2005). Measuring values with the short Schwartz’s value survey. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 170–178.
Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in inter- temporal choice: Evidence and an. interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 573-598.
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Braunstein, J. W. (2004). Simple strategies for conquering procrastination while writing Your Dissertation or Thesis. Simple Strategies, 1(4). Retrieved from http:// OnlineResourceLibrary_03.asp
Burns, L. R., Dittmann, K., Nguyen, N. L., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2000). Academic procrastination, perfectionism, and control: Association with vigilant and avoidant coping. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 35-46.
Busemeyer, J. R., & Jones, L.E. (1983). The analysis of multiplicative combination rules when the causal variables are measured with error. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 237-244.
Bussey, L. H. (2006). Measuring the instructional leadership values and beliefs of school leaders. Values and Ethics in Educational Administration, 4(3), 1-8.
Carden, R. , Bryant, C. & Moss, R. (2004) Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95, 581-582.
Carver, C. S. (1989). How should multifaceted personality constructs be tested? Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 56, 577-585.
Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
Clark, J. L., & Hill, O. W. (1994). Academic procrastination among African-American college students. Psycho- logical Reports, 75(2), 931–936.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Curlew, A. B. (2005). Liberal Sims? Simulated difference and the commodity of social diversity. Paper presented at the DiGRA 2005 "Changing Views: Worlds in Play" International Conference, June 16th - 20th 2005. Vancouver, Canada.
Darmono, & Hasan, A.M. (2003). Menyelesaikan skripsi dalam satu semester. Jakarta: PT Grasindo Depdiknas sulit atasi jual-beli gelar. (2005, August 12). Retrieved from Tempo Interaktif, http://www.tempoin teraktif.com/hg/nasional/2005/08/12/ brk, 2005 0812- 65236,id.html.
Elliot, R. (2002). A ten-year study of procrastination stability. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Louisana, Monroe. Elvers, G. C., Polzella, D. J., & Graetz, K. (2003). Procras- tination in online courses: Performance and attitudinal differences. Teaching of Psychology 30(20), 159-162.
Evans, M. G. (1991). The problem of analyzing multipli- cative composites: Interactions revisited. American Psy- chologist, 46, 6-15.
Ferrari, J. R., Parker, J. T., & Ware, C.B. (1992). Academic procrastination: Personality correlates with Myers-Briggs types, self-efficacy, and academic locus of control. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 7(3), 495-502.
Ferrari, J., Johnson, J., & McCown, W. (1995). Assessment of academic and everyday procrastination: The use of self-report measures. In J. Ferrari, J. Johnson, & W. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance theory, research and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Ferrari, J. R. (1993). Christmas and procrastination: Expla- ining lack of diligence at a "real-world" task deadline. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 25-33.
Gleser, G. C., & Ihilevich, D. (1969). An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 51-60.
Good, C. E. (2002). Factors affecting dissertation progress. Unpublished dissertation, University of Arkansas.
Green, L. (1982). Minority students’ self-control of procrastination. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 636-644.
Griebel, T. (2006). Self-Portrayal in a simulated life: Projecting personality and values in The Sims 2. Game Studies, 6(1). Retrieved from http://gamestudies.org/06 01/articles/griebel
Gröpel, P., & Steel, P. (2008). A mega-trial investigation of goal setting, interest enhancement, and energy on procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences , 45, 406-411.
Gunawinata, V.A.R., Nanik, & Lasmono, H.K. (2008). Perfeksionisme, prokrastinasi akademik, dan penyele- saian skripsi Mahasiswa. Anima, Indonesian Psycho- logical Journal, 23(3), 256-276.
Hardman, & Santosa, E.M. (2008). Uji validitas dan reliabilitas portrait value questionnaire (PVQ) schwartz. Skripsi, tidak diterbitkan. Jakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. [Online]. Retrieved from http://lib.atmajaya.ac. id/default.aspx?tab ID = 61&src = k&id = 146384
Hersen, M., & Bellack, A.S. (1988). Dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques. New York: Pergamon Press.
Hull, J. G., Lehn, D. A., & Tedlie, J. C. (1991). A general appro- ach to testing multifaceted personality constructs. Jour- nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 932-945.
Indriati, E. (2003). Menulis karya ilmiah. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Jaradat, A.K.M. (2004). Test anxiety in Jordanian students: Measurement, correlates, and treatment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Philipps- University Marburg, Vor-gelegt von.
Johnson, J. L. & Bloom, A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five personality to variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 127-133.
Kingofong, S. M. (2004). Penghambat pada pengerjaan skripsi. Unpublished thesis, Faculty of Psychology Universitas Surabaya.
Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Kohun, F., & Ali, A. (2005). Isolation feelings in doctoral programs: A case study. Issues in Information Systems, 6(1), 379-385. Kosak, D. (2004). Exclusive Hands-On: The Sims 2. Retrieved from http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-sims-2/540847p1.html
Kramer, G. (2005) The Sims 2: University, the official strategy guide. California: Prima Games
Lang, K. M S. (2005). Practical tips for completing your psychology dissertation: A recent graduate student’s perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS).
Lay, C., & Silverman, S. (1996). Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(1), 61-67.
Lay, C. H.., Kovacs, A., & Danto, D. (1998). The relation of trait procrastination to the big-five factor conscientious- ness: An assessment with primary-junior school children based on self-report scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 187-193.
Lindeman, M,, & Verkasalo, M. (2005). Measuring values with the short Schwartz’s value survey. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 170–178.
Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in inter- temporal choice: Evidence and an. interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 573-598.
Lovitts, B., & Nelson, C. (2000). The hidden crisis in graduate education: Attrition from Ph.D. Programs [On-line]. Available at: http://www.aaup.org/publications/Acade me/2000/00nd/ND00LOVI.HTM
Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L.G. (1990). Assessing spurious "moderator effects": Illustrated substantively with the hypothesized ("synergistic") relation between spatial visualization and mathematical ability. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 385-393
Marnat, G. G. (1984). Handbook of psychological measure- ment. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
McKean, K. J. (1990). An investigation of academic procras-tination as a behavioral manifestation of learned helplessness. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Seton Hall University
Milgram, N. A., & Naaman, N. (1996). Typology in procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 679-683.
Milgram, N. A., Dangour, W., & Raviv, A. (1992). Situational and personal determinants of academic procrastination. Journal of General Psychology, 119(2), 123-133.
Mosier, C. I. (1943). On the reliability of a weighted composite. Psychometrika, 8, 161-168.
Muszynski, S.Y., & Akamatsu, T. J. (1991). Delay in comple- tion of doctoral dissertation in clinical psychology. Profes- sional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22(2), 119-123.
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
Owens, A.M., & Newbegin, I. (2000). Academic procrastination of adolescents in English and mathematics: Gender and personality variations. In J.R. Ferrari, & Pychyl, T.A. (Eds.), Procrastination: Current issues and new directions. [Special Issue]. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 111–124.
Popoola, B.I. (2005). A study of the relationship between procrastinating behavior and academic performance of undergraduate students in a Nigerian university. The African Symposium: An On-line Journal of African Educational Research Network.
Prameswari, E., Herabadi, A.G. (2007). Perbandingan gambaran nilai antara remaja yang bermain video game dengan remaja yang tidak bermain video game. Unpublished thesis, Faculty of Psychology Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. [Online]. Retrieved from http://lib.atma jaya.ac.id/default.aspx?tabID = 61&src = k&id = 151577
Schmit, M. J., Kihm, J. A., & Robie, C. (2002). The global personality inventory. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five assessment (pp. 195-236). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
Schouwenburg, H. C., Lay, C. H., Pychyl, T. A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2004). Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Schouwenburg, H. C., & Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination and the big five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 481– 490.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
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Published
2011-01-01
How to Cite
Siaputra, I. B., Prawitasari, J. E., Hastjarjo, T. D., & Azwar, S. (2011). Subjective and Projective Measures of Thesis Writing Procrastination: Real World and The Sims World. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 26(2), 128-149. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v26i2.4213
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2011 Ide Bagus Siaputra, Johana E. Prawitasari, Thomas Dicky Hastjarjo, Saifuddin Azwar (Author)
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