Depression and Self-Esteem Among Child Sexual Abuse Victims in Malaysia
DOI:
Abstract Views:
0 times
PDF-Full Text Downloads:
0 times
Abstract
This research attempt to identify the level of depression and self esteem among child sex- ually abused victims in Malaysia and also determine the relationship of victims’ depression with their age at the onset of abuse. It also identify differences of depression between victims with different numbers of perpetrators and determine the relationship between victims’ depression and their self es- teem. A majority of subjects (90.7%) were victims of penetrative sexual abuse and 9.3% were mo- lested. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale were used to measure de- pression and self-esteem respectively. Results indicate that victims were at critical (32%), moderate (30.7%), mild (21.3%), and minimum (16%) levels of depression; 72% of the victims projected a moderate level of self esteem. Results also reveal a positive significant correlation between age at the onset of abuse and victims’ depression, meaning that older victims were more likely to describe them- selves as being depressed. There are no differences between numbers of perpetrators and victims’ de- pression, which has a negative significant correlation with self-esteem.
Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi tingkat depresi dan harga diri pada anak korban pelecehan seksual di Malaysia dan juga menentukan hubungan tingkat depresi korban dan usia saat terjadinya pelecehan, mengidentifikasi perbedaan depresi antara korban dan jumlah penyerang yang berbeda, dan menentukan hubungan antara depresi korban dan harga dirinya. Sebagian besar korban (90.7%) adalah korban perkosaan dan 9.3% korban penganiayaan. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) dan Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale dipakai berturut-turut untuk mengukur depresi dan harga diri. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa para korban depresinya pada tingkat kritis (32%), moderat (30%), ringan (21%), dan minimal (16%); 72% korban menunjukkan harga diri pada tingkat moderat. Hasil juga mengungkap korelasi positif yang bermakna antara usia awitan pelecehan dan tingkat depresi korban, berarti korban yang lebih tua cenderung lebih merasakan depresi. Tak ada beda antara jumlah penyerang dan depresi korban, yang berkorelasi secara negatif bermakna dengan harga dirinya.
Downloads
References
Alexander, P. C., Neimeyer, R. A., Follette, V. M., Moore, M. K., & Harter, S. (1989). A comparison of group treatments of women sexually abused as children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psy- chology, 57(4), 479-483.
Atkeson, B. M., Calhoun, K. S., Resick, P. & Ellis, E. M. (1982). Victims of rape: Repeated assessment of depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 96-102.
Bal, S., Crombez, G., Oost, P. V., & Debourdeau-dhuij, I. (2003). The role of social in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 1377-1395.
Balk, D.E. (1995). Adolescent development: early through late adolescent. USA: Brooks/Cole Pu- blishing Company.
Barker, J. (1999). Adult sequelae of child sexual abuse. http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/ psychiatry/SexualAbuse.html (13 November 2000).
Battle, J., Jarratt, L., Smit, S., & Precht, D. (1988). Relations among self-esteem, depression and anxiety of children. Psychological Reports 62, 999-1005.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1993). Beck depression inventory: manual. 2nd Ed. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporatic. Beckett, C. 2003. Child protection: An introduction. London: Sage Publications.
Bednar, R. L. & Peterson, MSW, S. R. (1995) Self- esteem: paradoxes and innovations in clinical theory and practice(2nd ed.) Washington: American Psychological Association.
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect 15, 537-556.
Beitchman, J., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992). A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect 16, 101-118.
Briere, J. (1997). Psychological assessment of adult post-traumatic state. Washington: American Psy- chological Association.
Browne, A. & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Initial and long term effects: A review of the research. In D. Fin- kelhor (Ed.). A sourcebook on child sexual abuse (pp. 143-179). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Carlson, E. B., Furby, L., Armstrong, J., & Shlaes, J. (1997). A conceptual framework for the long-term psychological effects of traumatic childhood abuse. Child Maltreatment 2(3), 272-295. http: //proquest.umi.com. (Retrieved Januari 24, 2003).
Child Act (2001) (Act 611). Arranged by board of legal research. Selangor: International Law Book Services.
Corby, B. (2000). Child abuse: towards a knowledge base. 2nd Ed. Buckingham: Open Univer- sity Press.
Crosson-Tower. (2002). Understanding child sexual abuse and neglect. 5th. Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Dora, D. (1988). Confronting child abuse: research for effective program design. New York: The Free Press: A Division of Macmillan, Inc.
Feiring, C., Taska, L. & Chen, K. (2002). Trying to understand why horrible things happen: attribution , shame, and symptom development following sexualabuse. Child Maltreatment 7(1): 26-41. (online). http://proquest.umi.com. (Retrievd Februari 22, 2003).
German, Don-Nee E., Habenicht, D. J. & Futcher, W. G. (1990). Psychological profile of the female adolescent incest victims. Child Abuse and Ne- glect 14, 429-438.
Gold, E. R. (1986). Long-term effects of sexual vic- timization in chilhood: an attributional approach approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54(4): 471-475.
Hall, L. & Lloyd, S. 1993. Surviving child sexual abuse: A handbook for helping women challenge their past ( 2nd ed.). London: The Falmer Press.
Haskett, M. E., Nowlan, N. ., Hutcheson, J. S., & Whitworth, J. M. (1991). Factors associated with successful entry into therapy in child sexual abuse cases. Child Abuse & Neglect 15, 467-476.
Klerman, G. L. (1987). The nature of depression: mood, symptom, disorder. In. A. J. Marsella, R. M. A. Hirschfeld, A. M. M. Katz (Eds.). The measurement of depression (pp. 3-17.) New York: The Guilford Press.
Lanktree, C., Briere, J., & Zaidi, L. (1991). Incidence and impact of sexual abuse in a child outpatient sam- ple: the role of direct inquiry. Child Abuse & Neglect 15, 447- 453.
Malaysian Penal Code 574. (2004). Arranged by board of legal research. 162-166. Selangor: In- ternational Law Book Services.
Morrow, K. B. (1991). Attributions of female adolescent incest victims regarding their moles- tation. Child Abuse and Neglect 15, 477-483.
Mumtaj Begum bt. Mohd Sultan. (2003). Depression and self esteem among adolescents who have been involved in prostitution: A case study in Taman Sri Puteri Rembau & Batu Gajah. Academic Exercise. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Oates, R. K., Forrest, D., & Peacock, A. (1985). Self- esteem of abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect 9(2): 159-163.
Offen, L., Waller, G., & Thomas, G. (2003). Is re- ported childhood sexual abuse associated with the psychopathological characteristics of patients who experience auditory hallucinations? Child Abuse and Neglect 27, 919-927.
Riley, D. (Ed.). (1991). Sexual abuse of children: un- derstanding, intervention and prevention. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press.
Romans, S. E., Martin, J. L., Morris, E., & Herbison, G. P. (1999). Psychological defense styles in women who report childhood sexual abuse: A controlled community study. The American journal of psychia- try 156(7), 1080-1085. http:// proquest.umi.com. (Retrieved April 12, 2003).
The Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES). (2002). So- ciology University of Maryland College Park. (on- line). http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/rosenberg.html. (Retrieved November 3, 2002). Royal Malaysian Police
Headquarters (2003). Kuala Lumpur: Bukit Aman Rush, A. J. (1987). Measurement of the cognitive aspects of depresion. In A.J. Marsella, R.M.A. Hir- schfeld, & A. M. M. Katz (Eds.). The measurement of depression (pp. 267-296). New York: The Guil- ford Press.
Swanston, H. Y., Plunkett, A. M., O’Toole, B. I., Shrimpton, S., Parkinson, P. N., & Oates, R. K. (2003). Nine years after child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 27, 967-984.
Swanston, H. Y., Tebbutt, J. S., O’Toole, B. I., & Oates, R. K. (1997). Sexually abused children 5 years after presentation: a case-control study. Pe- diatrics 100, 600-608. http://proquest.umi.com. (Retrieved Januari 24, 2003).
Walrath, C., Ybarra, M., Holden, E. W., Liao, Q., Santiago, R., & Leaf, P. (2003). Children with reported histories of sexual abuse: Utilizing mul-tiple perspectives to understand clinical and psy- chosocial profiles. Child Abuse & Neglect 27, 509 – 524.
Wozencraft, T., Wagner, W., & Pellegrin, A. (1991). Depression and suicidal ideation in sexually abu-sed children. Child Abuse and Neglect 15(4): 505- 511.
Zuriaty, W. I. (2004). Effects of social support on de- pression and self esteem among unwed adoles-cents: A study at Pusat Bimbingan Remaja Puteri Raudatus Sakinah, Sungai Buloh. A Masters in Counseling Practicum Report. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Articles published in ANIMA are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. You are free to copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful, non-commercial purpose in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to ANIMA and the original Author(s), link to the license, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license.
Copyright on articles is retained by the respective Author(s), without restrictions. A non-exclusive license is granted to ANIMA to publish the article and identify itself as its original publisher, along with the commercial right to include the article in a hardcopy issue for sale to libraries and individuals.
By publishing in ANIMA, Author(s) grant any third party the right to use their article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
