FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB PERILAKU MELUKAI-DIRI PADA REMAJA PEREMPUAN
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Keywords:
self-injurious behavior, social pressure, authoritarian parenting style, neuroticism, risk factor, protective factor
Abstract
Self-injury is a non-suicidal way to relieve emotional pain and distress by deliberately hurting their bodies. There are external and internal factors causing self-injurious behavior on adolescents. The external factor is an authoritarian parenting style, and the internal one is the trait of neuroticism. The study has an interpretive perspectives and case study as its approach. The study also has a qualitative approach by interviewing and observing as the methods to collect data. The subjects of this study are around 17-20 year-female adolescents which were committed to self-harm. Also, this study has theory triangulation and methodical triangulation for the credibility of this research. The result of this study is that external factor of self-injurious behavior is social pressure from parents, family, and also other relatives. Its internal factors are loss, low self-esteem, and trauma. The main risk factors are the situations to family disorganization (affair and divorce). These factors are supported with authoritarian parenting style (physical punishments and verbal violence) and neuroticism (of pride and sosial-acceptance). Its protective factors are the reconciliation with parents and self-motivation, also the support of social control.
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References
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Poerwandari, E.K. (1998). Pendekatan Kualitatif dalam Penelitian Psikologi. Jakarta: Lembaga Pengembangan Sarana Pengukuran dan Pendidikan Psikologi UI.
Poerwandari, E.K. (2013). Pendekatan Kualitatif untuk Penelitian Perilaku Manusia. Jakarta: Lembaga Pengembangan Sarana Pengukuran dan Pendidikan Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Porzio, S.K. (2003). A Critical Review of Eysenck's Theory of Psychoticism and How it Relates to Creativity, Personality Research Paper. Diakses dari http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/porzio.html, pada 2 Juni 2015, pukul 16.51 WIB.
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Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (1995). Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Practices: Development of A New Measure, Psychological Reports, 77, 819-830.
Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2007). Characteristics and predictors of self-mutilation: a study of incarcerated women. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17, 312- 321.
Roy, A. (2012). The short-form of the reviesed junior Eysenck personality questionnaire: A Bengali edition, Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 21 (2), 115- 118.
Safitri, E., Sukarti, Sulistyarini, I. (2005). Hubungan Antara Tingkat Neurotisisme dengan Stres pada Guru Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia. Diakses dari http://psychology.uii.ac.id/images/stories/jadwal_kuliah/naskah-publikasi- 01320257.pdf, pada 19 Juli 2017, pukul 10.21 WIB.
Salim, A. (2001). Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Santrock, J.W. (2003). Adolescence: Perkembangan Remaja. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
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Yates, T.M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behaviour: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation, Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 35-74.
American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (1996). Psychosocial Evaluation of Suspected Psychological Maltreatment in Children and Adolescents. Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 13, Number 2, 153-170. Diakses dari: http://www.icsahome.com/articles/psychosocial-evaluation-suspected- psychological-csj-13-2, pada 20 Juli 2017, pukul 11.13 WIB.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. Diakses dari: http://psy- gradaran.narod.ru/lib/clinical/DSM5.pdf, pada 10 Maret 2016, pukul 15.21 WIB.
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior, Child Development, 37 (4), 887-907.
Burešová, I., Bartošová, K., & Čerňák, M. (2015a). Connection between parenting styles and self-harm in adolescence. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 1106-1113.
Burešová, I., Bartošová, K., & Čerňák, M. (2015b). Personality characteristic of adolescent self-harmers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 1118-1127.
Collin, C., Benson, N., Ginsburg, J., Grand, V., Lazyan, M., Weeks, M. (2011).The Psychology Book. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Estefan, G., & Wijaya, Y.D. (2014). Gambaran Proses Regulasi Emosi pada Pelaku Self Injury. Jurnal Psikologi , 12 (1), 26-33.
Feist, J., & Feist, G.J. (2016a). Teori Kepribadian: Buku 1 (Edisi 7). Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Humanika.
Feist, J., & Feist, G.J. (2016b). Teori Kepribadian: Buku 2 (Edisi 7). Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Humanika.
Fleming, M., & Aronson, L. (2016). The relationship between self injury and child maltreatment. Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Therapy, 1-4. Diakses dari: http://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/perch/resources/the- relationship-between-self-injury-and-child-maltreatmentfinal-1.pdf, pada 20 Juli 2017, pukul 10.31 WIB.
Glassman, L.H., Weierich, M.R., Hooley, J.M., Deliberto, T.L., Nock, M.K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2483-2490.
Heath, A.C., & Martin, N.G. (1990). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality: A multivariate genetic test of Eysenck and Eysenck's psychoticism construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 111-121.
Hurlock, E.B. (1980). Psikologi Perkembangan: Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Rentang Kehidupan. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Jeronimus, B.F., Riese, H., Sanderman, R., & Ormel, J. (2014). Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107 (4), 751-764.
Kelvin Y.S., L., Othman, Z., Othman, A., & Yasin, M.A.M. (2013). Neurotic Personality Traits and Depression among First Year Medical and Dental Students in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 06.
Kidger, J., Heron, J., Leon, D.A., Tilling, K., Lewis, G., & Gunnell, D. (2015). Self-reported school experience as a predictor of self-harm during adolescence: A prospective cohort study in the South West of England (ALSPAC). Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 163-169.
Knapton, S. (2015). True adulthood doesn't begin until age 25. Diakses dari: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11413884/True- adulthood-doesnt-begin-until-age-25.html, pada 15 April 2016, pukul 10.10 WIB.
Knigge, J. (1999). Self-Injury for Teachers. Article of Self-Injury. Kettlewell. Kordi, A., & Baharudin, R. (2010). Parenting Attitude and Style and Its Effect on Children’s School Achievements, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2 (2), 217-222.
Kurniasari, A., Wismaayanti, Y.F., Irmayani, Husmiati, Widodo, N., & Susantyo, B. (2013). Survey Kekerasan Terhadap Anak Indonesia Tahun 2013. Diakses dari http://puslit.kemsos.go.id/upload/post/files/4fb404d806e55b69e7fa7d410634 4914.pdf, pada Sabtu, 30 Mei 2015, pukul 17.05 WIB.
Larsen, K. (2009). Self-Injury in Teenagers, A Reasearch Paper, Menomonie: University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Laurens, J.M. (2004). Arsitektur dan Perilaku Manusia. Jakarta: Penerbit Grasindo.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 163- 188.
Maidah, D. (2013). Self-Injury Pada Mahasiswa: Studi Kasus pada Mahasiswa Pelaku Self-Injury, Developmental and Clinical Psychology, 2 (1), 6-13.
Maidah, D. (2013). Self-Injury Pada Mahasiswa: Studi Kasus pada Mahasiswa Pelaku Self-Injury. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Martison, D. (1999). Self-Injury Fact Sheet. New York: Amazon.
Mikolajczak, M., Petrides, K. V., & Hurry, J. (2009). Adolescents choosing self- harm as an emotion regulation strategy: The protective role of trait emotional intelligence, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 181-193.
Poerwandari, E.K. (1998). Pendekatan Kualitatif dalam Penelitian Psikologi. Jakarta: Lembaga Pengembangan Sarana Pengukuran dan Pendidikan Psikologi UI.
Poerwandari, E.K. (2013). Pendekatan Kualitatif untuk Penelitian Perilaku Manusia. Jakarta: Lembaga Pengembangan Sarana Pengukuran dan Pendidikan Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Porzio, S.K. (2003). A Critical Review of Eysenck's Theory of Psychoticism and How it Relates to Creativity, Personality Research Paper. Diakses dari http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/porzio.html, pada 2 Juni 2015, pukul 16.51 WIB.
Rahmah, S.M. (2012). Pola Asuh Orangtua pada Subjek yang Menggunakan Napza. Jakarta: Universitas Gunadharma. Diakses dari http://www.gunadarma.ac.id/library/articles/graduate/psychology/2008/Artikel_1050 0364.pdf, pada 29 Juni 2015, pukul 16.38 WIB.
Ramdhani, N. (2007). Apakah Kepribadian Menentukan Pemilihan Media Komunikasi? Metaanalisis Terhadap Hubungan Kepribadian Extraversion, Neuroticism, dan Openness to Experience dengan Penggunaan Email, Jurnal Psikologi, 34 (2), 112-129.
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (1995). Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Practices: Development of A New Measure, Psychological Reports, 77, 819-830.
Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2007). Characteristics and predictors of self-mutilation: a study of incarcerated women. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17, 312- 321.
Roy, A. (2012). The short-form of the reviesed junior Eysenck personality questionnaire: A Bengali edition, Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 21 (2), 115- 118.
Safitri, E., Sukarti, Sulistyarini, I. (2005). Hubungan Antara Tingkat Neurotisisme dengan Stres pada Guru Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia. Diakses dari http://psychology.uii.ac.id/images/stories/jadwal_kuliah/naskah-publikasi- 01320257.pdf, pada 19 Juli 2017, pukul 10.21 WIB.
Salim, A. (2001). Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Santrock, J.W. (2003). Adolescence: Perkembangan Remaja. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Schultz, D.P., & Schultz, S.E. (2005). Theories of Personality (Eighth Edition). California: Thomson Wadsworth.
Sutton, J. (2005). Healing The Hurt Within: Understanding Self Injury and Self Harm and Heal The Emotional Wounds. Oxford: How To Books.
Yates, T.M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behaviour: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation, Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 35-74.
Published
2018-03-01
Section
Bidang Magister Psikologi (MPSI)
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