Mekanisme Penghambat Sodium-Glukosa Transport Protein-2 (SGLT2-i) pada Penyakit Kardiovaskular: Sebuah Tinjauan
Abstract
Proteksi kardiovaskular penting sebagai salah satu target tatalaksana pasien diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2. Penghambat sodium-glukosa kotransporter 2 (SGLT2-i), obat antidiabetik relatif baru yang bekerja dengan cara memblokade transporter SGLT-2 di tubulus proksimal ginjal, diketahui memiliki fungsi proteksi kardiovaskular yang baik. Uji klinis CANVAS, EMPA-REG, DECLARE-TIMI 58, VERTIS-CV masing-masing menggunakan kanagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, dan ertugliflozin menunjukkan superioritas atau setara dengan plasebo. Penulisan studi literatur ini menggunakan telaah jurnal-jurnal penelitian menggunakan PubMed, SAGE, dan Google Scholar. Tujuan tinjauan ini adalah untuk merangkum konsep terkini mekanisme protektif SGLT2-i pada kejadian kardiovaskular dan penggunaannya pada pasien jantung dengan atau tanpa diabetes mellitus. SGLT2-i ditemukan menurunkan risiko hospitalisasi akibat gagal jantung (30%) dan penyakit ginjal (45%) pada pasien DM tipe 2. SGLT2-i juga lebih terjangkau dan menurunkan biaya perawatan rumah sakit. Karena masih relatif baru, penelitian-penelitian yang ada masih berfokus pada luaran klinis, mortalitas dan keamanan obat ini. Mekanisme kerja efek proteksi kardiovaskular obat ini kebanyakan masih berdasarkan uji preklinis. SGLT2-i memiliki banyak efek farmakologis yang terbukti bermanfaat dalam mencegah penyakit kardiovaskular terutama gagal jantung. Uji klinis menunjukkan manfaat kardioprotektif SGLT2-i bukan berasal dari efek antiglikemiknya, namun melalui mekanisme kompleks yang berhubungan dengan volume dan diuresis, penurunan beban jantung, metabolisme jantung, serta proteksi vaskular.
Cardiovascular protection is one of the treatment targets for type 2 DM patients. Sodium- glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-i), a relatively new antidiabetic drug that works by blocking the SGLT-2 transporter in the proximal renal tubule, is not expected to have a cardiovascular protectivefunction. CANVAS, EMPA-REG, DECLARE-TIMI 58, VERTIS-CV clinical evaluation using kanagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and ertugliflozin showed the superiority or equal to the placebo. This literature study uses a review of research journals using PubMed, SAGE, and Google Scholar. This review aims to summarize the current concept of the protective mechanism of SGLT2-i in cardiovascular events and its use in cardiac patients with or without diabetes mellitus. SGLT2-i was found to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to heart failure (30%) and kidney disease (45%) in type 2 DM patients. SGLT2-i is also more affordable and lowers hospitalization costs. Because it is still relatively new, the existingstudies still focus on clinical outcomes, mortality, and safety of this drug. The mechanism of action for cardiovascular protection is mostly based on preclinical trials. SGLT2-i has many pharmacological effects that have proven beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease, especially heart failure. Clinical trials have shown that the cardioprotective benefits of SGLT2-i are not derived from its anti-glycemic effect, but through complex mechanisms related to volume and diuresis, decreased cardiac load, cardiac metabolism, and vascular protection.
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