Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Due to COVID-19: Do We Need to Worry?
DOI:
Abstract Views:
170 times
PDF Downloads:
175 times
Abstract
Abstract—SARS-CoV-2, a Coronaviridae virus related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is the virus that causes the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes mellitus is a condition that is reported to have a connection with the emergence of COVID-19. A diabetic patient has a higher risk of infection compared to other nondiabetic patients. In addition, some reports showed the possibility of infection that can stimulate diabetes in an individual without a hyperglycemia history. COVID-19 was also found to show a hyperglycemic conditions that may affect mortality. Therefore, a proper monitoring as well as management of glucose level is needed for COVID-19 patients regardless of their diabetes status, to minimize the risk of mortality and development of diabetes. The possibility of diabetes mellitus induced by COVID-19 infection is investigated in this paper, as well as the monitoring of COVID-19 patients with hyperglycemic conditions. Further investigation might be needed to confirm the relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus type 1.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 1, sars-cov-2, insulin
Abstrak—SARS-CoV-2, virus Coronaviridae yang berkaitan dengan enzim pengubah angiotensin 2 (ACE2), adalah virus yang menyebabkan pandemi COVID-19. Diabetes mellitus adalah suatu kondisi yang diyakini memiliki hubungan dengan adanya COVID-19. Pasien dengan diabetes memiliki risiko infeksi yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien nondiabetes lainnya. Meskipun demikian, beberapa laporan menunjukkan kemungkinan infeksi yang dapat merangsang diabetes pada individu tanpa riwayat hiperglikemia sebelumnya. COVID-19 juga ditemukan menunjukkan kondisi hiperglikemik yang dapat menyebabkan angka kematian yang cukup signifikan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemantauan serta pengelolaan kadar glukosa yang tepat untuk pasien COVID-19. Kemungkinan diabetes mellitus yang disebabkan oleh infeksi COVID-19 akan diselidiki dalam makalah ini, serta pemantauan pasien COVID-19 dengan kondisi hiperglikemik. Penelitian lebih lanjut mungkin diperlukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara COVID-19 dan diabetes melitus tipe 1.
Kata Kunci: diabetes mellitus tipe 1, sars-cov-2, insulin
Downloads
References
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727–33.
Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020 Apr;14(2):185–92.
Li M-Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang X-S. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Dec;9(1):45.
Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, McFarland R, Crowe J, Booth R, et al. Glycemic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Jul;14(4):813–21.
Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar;16(Suppl1):S27–36.
Carey IM, Critchley JA, DeWilde S, Harris T, Hosking FJ, Cook DG. Risk of Infection in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Compared With the General Population: A Matched Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Mar 1;41(3):513–21.
Chee YJ, Ng SJH, Yeoh E. Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Jun;164:108166.
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zuo X, Zhang H, Deng A. COVID‐19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes Obes Metab [Internet]. 2020 May 18 [cited 2021 Jan 2]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264681/
Singh AK, Singh R. Hyperglycemia without diabetes and new-onset diabetes are both associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020 Sep;167:108382.
Rubino F, Amiel SA, Zimmet P, Alberti G, Bornstein S, Eckel RH, et al. New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 20;383(8):789–90.
Boddu SK, Aurangabadkar G, Kuchay MS. New onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes and COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020 Nov;14(6):2211–7.
Lönnrot M, Lynch KF, Larsson HE, Lernmark Å, Rewers MJ, Törn C, et al. Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia. 2017 Oct;60(10):1931–40.
Marchand L, Pecquet M, Luyton C. Type 1 diabetes onset triggered by COVID-19. Acta Diabetol. 2020 Jul 11;1–2.
Potier L, Julla JB, Roussel R, Boudou P, Gauthier DC, Ketfi C, et al. COVID-19 symptoms masking inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. 2020 May 21 [cited 2021 Jan 3]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240273/
Barron E, Bakhai C, Kar P, Weaver A, Bradley D, Ismail H, et al. Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;8(10):813–22.
Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1574.
Fadini GP, Morieri ML, Boscari F, Fioretto P, Maran A, Busetto L, et al. Newly-diagnosed diabetes and admission hyperglycemia predict COVID-19 severity by aggravating respiratory deterioration. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020 Oct;168:108374.
Z W, Jm M. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020 Apr 1;323(13):1239–42.
Pitocco D, Tartaglione L, Viti L, Di Leo M, Manto A, Caputo S, et al. Lack of type 1 diabetes involvement in SARS-COV-2 population: Only a particular coincidence? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020 Jun;164:108220.
Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhang Z. ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreas Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;18(9):2128-2130.e2.
Imagawa A, Hanafusa T. Fulminant type 1 diabetes—an important subtype in East Asia. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2011 Nov 1;27(8):959–64.
de Beeck AO, Eizirik DL. Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus — why the β cells? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 May;12(5):263–73.
Cherubini V, Gohil A, Addala A, Zanfardino A, Iafusco D, Hannon T, et al. Unintended Consequences of Coronavirus Disease-2019: Remember General Pediatrics. J Pediatr. 2020 Aug;223:197–8.
Dombrowski NC, Karounos DG. Pathophysiol- ogy and management strategies for hyperglycemia for patients with acute illness during and following a hospital stay. Metabolism 2013;62:326–336
Schuetz P, Castro P, Shapiro NI. Diabetes and sepsis: preclinical findings and clinical relevance. Diabetes Care 2011;34:771–778
Sardu, C., D’Onofrio, N., Balestrieri, M. L., Barbieri, M., Rizzo, M. R., Messina, V., … Marfella, R. Outcomes in Patients With Hyperglycemia Affected by Covid-19: Can We Do More on Glycemic Control? Diabetes Care. 2020: 200723.
Chaudhuri A, Umpierrez GE. Oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperglycemic crises and resolution with insulin: implications for the acute and chronic complications of hypergly- cemia. J Diabetes Complications 2012;26:257– 258
Khateeb J, Fuchs E, Khamaisi M. Diabetes and lung disease: a neglected relationship. Rev Dia- bet Stud 2019;15:1–15
American Diabetes Association. 15. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S193–202.
Pe ́rez A, Ramos A, Carreras G. Insulin therapy in hospitalized patients. Am J Ther. 2020;27:e71–8.
Hamdy O, Gabbay RA. Early observation and miti- gation of challenges in diabetes management of COVID-19 patients in critical care units. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(8):e81–e82.
Avanzini F, Marelli G, Donzelli W, et al. Transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin: effec- tiveness and safety of a standardized protocol and predictors of outcome in patients with acute coro- nary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1445–50.
Ramos A, Zapata L, Vera P, Betbese AJ, Pe ́rez A. Transition from intravenous insulin to subcuta- neous long-acting insulin in critical care patients on enteral or parenteral nutrition. Endocrinol Dia- betes Nutr. 2017;64:552–6.
Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:16–38.
Zhu L, She Z-G, Cheng X, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020;31(6):1068–77.e3.
Bellido, V., & Pérez, A. Inpatient Hyperglycemia Management and COVID-19. Diabetes Therapy. 2020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Articles published in Keluwih: JKK are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. You are free to copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful purpose in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the journal, link to the license, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license.
- Copyright on articles is retained by the respective author(s), without restrictions. A non-exclusive license is granted to Kluwih: JKK to publish the article and identify itself as its original publisher, along with the commercial right to include the article in a hardcopy issue for sale to libraries and individuals.
- By publishing in Keluwih: JKK, authors grant any third party the right to use their article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
