Potensi Terapi Fitokanabinoid Mayor dalam Pengobatan Cedera Otak Traumatik: sebuah Tinjauan Literatur Farmakologis
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Abstract
Abstract—Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health issue that leads to long-term neurological deficits, including cognitive, motor, and mood disorders. Current TBI treatments primarily focus on symptom management, while neuroprotective therapies remain in the exploratory stage. One promising approach is the use of Cannabis sativa L., which contains phytocannabinoids, compounds with potential neuroprotective effects. Preclinical studies have shown that the major phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), may have neuroprotective effects in TBI through mechanisms such as reducing excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. These major phytocannabinoids are known to influence cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), which play roles in modulating inflammatory processes, reducing neuronal damage, improving motor and cognitive functions, and regulating recovery mechanisms in the blood-brain barrier and intracranial lymphatics. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of major phytocannabinoids in TBI treatment by highlighting the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI and the neuroprotective effects of these compounds. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of phytocannabinoids may pave the way for the development of phytocannabinoid-based therapies for TBI in the future.
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, neuroprotection, cannabis sativa l., major phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol
Abstrak—Cedera otak traumatik (COT) merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang menyebabkan defisit neurologis jangka panjang, termasuk gangguan kognitif, motorik, dan suasana hati. Pengobatan COT saat ini lebih difokuskan pada manajemen gejala, sementara pengobatan yang bersifat neuroprotektif masih dalam tahap eksplorasi. Salah satu pendekatan yang menjanjikan adalah penggunaan tanaman Cannabis sativa L. yang mengandung fitokanabinoid, senyawa yang memiliki potensi neuroprotektif. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur. Hasil kajian penelitian preklinik menunjukkan bahwa fitokanabinoid mayor yaitu kanabidiol (KBD) dan tetrahidrokanabinol (THC) dapat memberikan efek neuroprotektif pada COT melalui mekanisme pengurangan eksitotoksisitas, neuroinflamasi, dan stres oksidatif. Senyawa fitokanabinoid mayor diketahui mempengaruhi reseptor kanabinoid (RKB1 dan RKB2), yang berperan dalam modulasi proses inflamasi, pengurangan kerusakan neuron dan dapat memperbaiki fungsi motorik dan kognitif, serta mengatur mekanisme pemulihan pada sawar darah-otak dan limfatik intrakranial. Hasil kajian literatur menunjukkan bahwa tanaman Cannabis sativa L. yang mengandung fitokanabinoid mayor memiliki potensi dalam pengobatan COT. Pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang mekanisme kerja fitokanabinoid dapat membuka jalan bagi pengembangan terapi berbasis fitokanabinoid untuk COT di masa depan.
Kata kunci: cedera otak traumatis, neuroproteksi, cannabis sativa l., fitokanabinoid mayor, kanabidiol, tetrahidrokanabinol
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