National Identity in the Indonesian Youth [Identitas Nasional di Kalangan Orang Muda Indonesia]
Abstract
National identity (identitas nasional [IN]) and ethnic identity (identitas suku bangsa [ISB]) as two forms of social identity are important to scrutinize in the multi-ethnic nation of Indonesia. This research comprised two studies and aimed to uncover the Indonesian youth’s national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) on a sample of male and female students with different backgrounds in ethnicity, religion, and identity source. Study 1 aimed to construct an instrument of youth’s national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) by adapting the Skala Identitas Suku Bangsa (SISB; 2019), resulting in the Skala Identitas Nasional (SIN) consisting of 12 items (rit = 0.35 -0.64; α = 0.84). Study 2 aimed to explore the participants’ national identity (identitas nasional [IN]; N = 480) by considering the differences of their backgrounds. The results showed that in general the participants’ level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) was high, especially on the Balinese and Florinese samples; their level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) correlated with their level of ethnic identity (identitas suku bangsa [ISB]); religion related with levels of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) through its connection with ethnicity, hence the Hindu-Balinese sample indicated the highest; the majority of participants acknowledged the parents and the extended family as their source of identity, but seemed to fail in contributing to the formation of the youth’s national identity (identitas nastional [IN]); male participants showed a higher level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) than female participants. Possible causes of the important findings were discussed and follow-up research on those findings were recommended.
Identitas nasional (IN) dan identitas suku bangsa (ISB) sebagai dua bentuk identitas sosial penting dicermati dalam masyarakat Bangsa Indonesia yang multi-etnik. Penelitian ini meliputi dua studi, bertujuan mengungkap identitas nasional (IN) orang muda Indonesia dengan sampel mahasiswa laki-laki dan perempuan berlatar-belakang suku bangsa, agama, dan sumber identitas berlainan. Studi 1 bertujuan menyusun alat ukur identitas nasional (IN) orang muda dengan mengadaptasi Skala Identitas Suku Bangsa (SISB; 2019), menghasilkan Skala Identitas Nasional (SIN) yang terdiri dari 12 butir (rit = 0.35-0.64; α = 0.84). Studi 2 bertujuan mengungkap identitas nasional (IN) partisipan (N = 480) secara eksploratif dengan memperhatikan perbedaan latar belakang mereka. Hasilnya, secara umum taraf identitas nasional (IN) partisipan cukup tinggi, khususnya pada sampel suku bangsa Bali dan Flores; taraf identitas nasional (IN) mereka berkorelasi dengan taraf identitas suku bangsa (ISB); agama berhubungan dengan taraf identitas nasional (IN) melalui hubungannya dengan suku bangsa, maka sampel Hindu-Bali menunjukkan taraf identitas nasional (IN) tertinggi; mayoritas partisipan mengakui orang tua dan keluarga besar sebagai sumber identitas, namun ada indikasi mereka kurang berperan dalam pembentukan identitas nasional (IN) orang muda; sampel laki-laki menunjukkan taraf identitas nasional (IN) lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel perempuan. Kemungkinan penyebab temuan-temuan penting dibahas, dan saran untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dikemukakan.
Downloads
References
al Qurtuby, S. (2017, January 2). Sentimen anti-Cina di Indonesia [Anti-Chinese sentiment in Indonesia]. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/id/sentimen-anti-cina-di-indonesia/a-36974659
Amorim, F., & Lam, G. M. K. (2013). Self-esteem and anxiety among Asian and European students [Master’s thesis, Umeå Universitet]. DiVA - Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A635116
Ananta, A., Arifin, E. N., Hasbullah, M. S., Handayani, N. B., & Pramono, A. (2015). Demography of Indonesia’s ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2084
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections of the origin and spread of nationalism (1st ed.). Verso. https://www.versobooks.com/books/2259-imagined-communities
Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Freedman-Doan, P., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Adolescent self-esteem: Differences by race/ethnicity, gender, and age. Self and Identity, 10(4), 445-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298861003794538
Crocetti, E., Sica, L. S., Schwartz, S. J., Serafini, T., & Meeus, W. (2013). Identity styles, dimensions, statuses, and functions: Making connections among identity conceptualizations [Styles, dimensions, statuts et fonctions d’identité : Établir des liens entre les différentes conceptualisations de l’identité]. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.001
David, O., & Bar-Tal, D. (2009). A sociopsychological conception of collective identity: The case of national identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 354-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309344412
Elson, R. E. (2005). Constructing the nation: Ethnicity, race, modernity and citizenship in early Indonesian thought. Asian Ethnicity, 6(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360500226556
Fleischmann, F., & Phalet, K. (2018). Religion and national identification in Europe: Comparing Muslim youth in Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117741988
Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Barbez, C., & Rosseel, Y. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Psychologica Belgica: Journal of the Belgian Association for Psychological Science, 48(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-48-1-25
Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Ong, A. D., & Phinney, J. S. (2013). National identity and perceived discrimination predict changes in ethnic identity commitment: Evidence from a longitudinal study of Latino college students. Applied Psychology, 62(3), 406-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00486.x
Ganeva, Z. R., & Rašticová, M. (2013). National identity of young adolescents of Czech and Bulgarian origin. Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy, 7(2), 302-321. http://bjsep.org/getfile.php?id=146
Gong, L. (2007). Ethnic identity and identification with the majority group: Relations with national identity and self-esteem. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(4), 503-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.03.002
Guibernau, M. (2004). Anthony D. Smith on nations and national identity: A critical assessment. Nations and Nationalism: Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 10(1-2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00159.x
Huddy, L., & Khatib, N. (2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.x
Huynh, Q. -L., Devos, T., & Goldberg, R. (2014). The role of ethnic and national identifications in perceived discrimination for Asian Americans: Toward a better understanding of the buffering effect of group identifications on psychological distress. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031601
Ikasari, P. N. (2017). Perempuan dalam diskriminasi etnis di Indonesia: Analisis film “Sapu Tangan Fang Yin” [Women in ethnic discrimination in Indonesia: Analysis of the movie “Fang Yin’s Handkerchief”]. Jurnal Komunikasi dan Kajian Media, 1(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.31002/jkkm.vlil.391 | https://jurnal.untidar.ac.id/index.php/komunikasi/article/view/391
İnaç, H., & Ünal, F. (2013). The construction of national identity in modern times. Theoretical perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(11), 223-232. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/1879
Jones, F. L., & Smith, P. (2001). Individual and societal bases of national identity: A comparative multi-level analysis. European Sociological Review, 17(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/17.2.103
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretation. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31-53). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_2
Kunovich, R. M. (2009). The sources and consequences of national identification. American Sociological Review, 74(4), 573-593. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240907400404
Malešević, S. (2011). The chimera of national identity. Nations and Nationalism: Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 17(2), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00479.x
Masella, P. (2011). National identity and ethnic diversity. Journal of Population Economics, 26(2), 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0398-0
Mattulada, H. A. (1999). Kesukubangsaan dan negara kebangsaan di Indonesia: Prospek budaya politik abad ke-21 [Ethnicity and nationalism in Indonesia: The prospect of political culture in the 21th century]. Antropologi Indonesia, 58, 5-12. https://doi/org/10.7454/ai.v0i58.3361
Pehrson, S., Vignoles, V. L., & Brown, R. (2009). National identification and anti-immigrant prejudice: Individual and contextual effects of national definitions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200104
Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156-176. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F074355489272003
Rahmatunnisa, M., & Mariana, D. (2016). Women’s political participation in Indonesia’s reform era: Local government perspective. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethics in Governance [ICONEG 2016]), 84, 265-269. https://doi.org/10.2991/iconeg-16.2017.60
Rhoads, E. (2012). Women’s political participation in Indonesia: Decentralization, money politics and collective memory in Bali. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31(2), 35-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100202
Rodriguez, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Whitbourne, S. K. (2010). American identity revisited: The relation between national, ethnic, and personal identity in a multiethnic sample of emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 324-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409359055
Sabatier, C. (2008). Ethnic and national identity among second-generation immigrant adolescents in France: The role of social context and family. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 185-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.001
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research - Online, 8(8), 23-74. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251060246_Evaluating_the_Fit_of_Structural_Equation_Models_Tests_of_Significance_and_Descriptive_Goodness-of-Fit_Measures
Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Schwartz, S. J., Park, I. J. K., Huynh, Q. -L., Zamboanga, B. L., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Lee, R. M., Rodriguez, L., Kim, S. Y, Whitbourne, S. K., Castillo, L. G., Weisskrich, R. S., Vazsonyi, A. T., Williams, M. K., & Agocha, V. B. (2012). The American Identity Measure: Development and validation across ethnic group and immigrant generation. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(2), 93-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2012.668730
Subagya, Y. T. (2015). Support of ethno-religious violence in Indonesia. Universitas Sanata Dharma Press. https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/143243/143243.pdf?sequence=1
Suparlan, P. (2003). Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Keanekaragaman suku bangsa atau kebudayaan? [Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Ethnicity or cultural diversity?]. Antropologi Indonesia, 72, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i72.3472
Supratiknya, A. (2019). Ethnic identity: A study of construct equivalence. Jurnal Psikologi, 46(3), 196-210. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.44169
Surijah, E. A., Ayuningtyas, A. U. H., Hartika, L. D., & Suryani, A. O. (2019). My nationality or my ethnicity? The pride and attitudes of Balinese youth as citizen of Indonesia. Makara: Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 23(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1030419
Suwartono, C., Meinarno, E. A., & Bawono, G. (2017). Development of the National Identity Measurement using the Implicit Association Test method. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 32(2), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v32i2.586
Suryani, A. O., Setiadi, B., Nurrachman, N., Panggabean, H., & Wibawa, D. S. (2019). National identity as predicted by ethnic identity and social distance with multiculturalism as mediator: A study involving Chinese Indonesian students in Jakarta. Makara: Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 23(2), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1170719
Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1448-1462. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167207304276
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Wright, M., Citrin, J., & Wand, J. (2012). Alternative measures of American national identity: Implications for the civic-ethnic distinction. Political Psychology, 33(4), 469-482. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00885.x
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Articles published in ANIMA are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. You are free to copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful, non-commercial purpose in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to ANIMA and the original Author(s), link to the license, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license.
Copyright on articles is retained by the respective Author(s), without restrictions. A non-exclusive license is granted to ANIMA to publish the article and identify itself as its original publisher, along with the commercial right to include the article in a hardcopy issue for sale to libraries and individuals.
By publishing in ANIMA, Author(s) grant any third party the right to use their article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.