Dealing With Earthquake Disaster on Java 2006: A Comparison of Affected and Non-affected People
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psychological well-being, natural disaster, coping style, psychopathological symptoms, Islamic belief
Abstract
The study investigated affected and non-affected people in Indonesia after the earthquake and the volcanic eruption in May 2006. We expected belief in a just world (BJW) and coping styles to be important factors when dealing with natural disasters for disaster attribution and psychopathological symptoms. Overall, 80 affected and 66 non-affected people were asked in the survey about their BJW, coping style, earthquake attribution, and psychopathological symptoms. ANOVAs and path models were used to analyze the data. Results show that people with a strong BJW attribute the disaster as a consequence of human failure. Avoidance coping was correlated with both emotional disturbance and psychological affectedness whereas approach coping was not related to the assessed psychopathological symptoms. Differences in the structural relations for the affected group emerged when compared to the non- affected group.
Studi ini meneliti masyarakat di Indonesia yang terdampak dan yang tak-terdampak setelah gempa bumi dan letusan gunung berapi pada Mei 2006. Kami mengharapkan keyakinan terhadap dunia yang adil (DYA) dan gaya koping (coping styles) merupakan factor-faktor penting ketika berhadapan dengan bencana alam terkait atribusi kebencanaan dan gejala psikopatologis. Sejumlah 80 masyarakat terdampak dan 66 tak-terdampak diwawancarai dalam survei tentang DYA, gaya koping, atribusi gempa bumi, dan gejala psikopatologisnya. Untuk menganalisis data digunakan model ANOVA dan jalur. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat dengan DYA kuat mengatribusikan bencana sebagai konsekuensi kegagalan manusia. Koping penghindaran berkorelasi dengan gangguan emosional dan akibat psikologis sedangkan koping pendekatan tidak berkorelasi dengan gejala psikopatologis yang dinilai. Perbedaan dalam hubungan struktural pada kelompok terdampak muncul bila dibandingkan terhadap kelompok yang tak-terdampak.
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References
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American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2010). IBM SPSS® AmosTM 19 user’s guide. Crawfordville, FL: Amos Development Corporation.
BPS. (2008). Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta in Figures. Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik –Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta Province.
Bizer, G. Y., Hart, J., & Jekogian, A. M. (2012). Belief in a just world and social dominance orientation: Evidence for a mediational pathway predicting negative attitudes and discrimination against individuals with mental illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 428-432.
Bravo, M., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G. J., Woodbury, M. A., & Ribera, J. C. (1990). The psychological sequelae of disaster stress prospectively and retrospectively evaluated. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 661-680.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bulman, R. J., & Wortman, C. B. (1977). Attributions of blame and coping in the "real world": Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 351-363.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Chang, E. C. (2001). A look at the coping strategies and styles of Asian Americans: Similar and different? In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 222-239). London: Oxford University Press.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995).Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
Comer, R., & Laird, J. D. (1975). Choosing to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer: Why people do it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 92-101.
Cubela-Adoric, V. (2004). Belief in a just world and young adults’ ways of coping with unemployment and the job search. In C. Dalbert & H. Sallay (Eds.), The justice motive in adolescence and young adulthood: Origins and consequences (pp. 189-214) London, UK: Routledge.
Dalbert, C. (1997). Coping with an unjust fate: The case of structural unemployment. Social Justice Research, 10, 175-189.
Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale’s validity. Social Justice Research, 12, 79–98.
Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum Press.
Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and an unjust world: Structure and validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 561-577.
Dolinski, D. (1996). Belief in an unjust world: An egotistic delusion. Social JusticeResearch,9, 213-221.
Fadil, P. A., Williams, R. J., Limpaphayom, W., & Smatt, C. (2005). Equity or equality? A conceptual examination of the influence of individualism/collectivism on the cross-cultural application of equity theory. Cross-Cultural Management, 12, 17–35.
Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 56-83.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: pitfalls and promise. AnnualReview of Psychology, 55, 745-774.
Foa, Keane, & Friedman (2000). Guidelines for treatment of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(4), 539-588.
Furnham, A., & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: Review and critique of the individual differences literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 365-384.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. London: Sage Publication.
Hofstede (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations. CA: Sage publication.
Hofstede, G. (n.d.). What about India. Hofstede Center: Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/india.html.
Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Ikeda, K. (1995). Gender differences in human loss and vulnerability in natural disasters: A case study from Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 171, 2.
Irmansyah, I., Dharmono, S., Maramis, A., & Minas, H. (2010). Determinants of psychological morbidity in survivors of the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh and Nias. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4, 8-17.
Jang, L., & Wang, J. (2009). Disaster resilience in a Hakka community in Taiwan. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 3, 55-65.
Joseph, S., Linley P.A., Andrews, L, Harris, G., Howle, B., Woodward, C., & Shevlin, M. (2005). Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity: psychometric evaluation of the changes in outlook questionnaires. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 70-80.
Juran, L. (2012). The gendered nature of disasters: Women survivors in post-tsunami Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 19, 1-29.
Kessler, R. C., Galea, S., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Ursano, R. J., & Wessely, S. (2008). Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 374-384.
Kirk, A., & Dollar, S. C. (2001). Prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD symptomatology among a selected sample of undergraduated students. Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation, 1, 53-65.
Kostoula, O. (2011). Trauma und posttraumatische Belastungsstörung unter kulturtheoretischer Betrachtung. Journal für Psychologie.19, 1-16.
Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Avoidant coping and PTSD symptoms related to domestic violences exposure: A longitudinal study, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 83-90.
Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., & Heir, T. (2009). Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: An interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1127-1133.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Leitmann, J. (2007). Cities and calamities: Learning from post-disaster response in Indonesia. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 144-153.
Lemercinier, G. (1983). Religion and ideology in Kerala. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre de Recherches Socio-Religieuses, Université Catholique de Louvain.
Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 355–360.
Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 1030-1051.
Lind, E. A., Kray, L., & Thompson, L. (1998). The social construction of injustice: Fairness judgements in response to own and others’ unfair treatment by authorities. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75, 1-22.
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Lipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The importance of distinguishing the belief in a just world for self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 666-677.
Lupfer, M. B., Doan, K., & Houston, D. A. (1998). Explaining unfair and fair outcomes: The therapeutic value of attributional analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 495-511.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-49.
Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C, Weisaeth, L (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. New York : Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M. (1989). Causal attribution, coping strategies, and learned helplessness. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 565-582.
Mikulincer, M., & Solomon, Z. (1989). Causal attribution, coping strategies, and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Personality, 3, 269–284.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Otto, K., & Schmidt, S. (2007). Dealing with stress in the workplace: Compensatory effects of belief in a just world. European Psychologist, 12, 272-282.
Otto, K., Boos, A., Dalbert, C., Schöps, D., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety of flood victims: The impact of the belief in a just world. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1075-1084.
Otto, K., Glaser, D., & Dalbert, C. (2009). Mental health, occupational trust, and the quality of working life: Does the belief in a just world matter? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1288–1315.
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
Qurotul, U. (2013). Integrating gratitude and patience into spiritual intervention. In E. Witruk, & A. Wilcke (Eds.), Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology, (Band 4) (pp. 323-340). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Ritter, C., Benson, D. E., & Snyder, C. (1990). Belief in a just world and depression. Sociological Perspectives, 33, 235-252.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. Von Eye, & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent Variable Analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-519). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99-103.
Swickert, R., DeRoma, V., & Saylor, C. (2004). The relationship between gender and trauma symptoms: A proposed mediational model. Individual Differences Research, 2, 203-213.
Sunidharan, C. S. (2006). Mental health risk factors and coping skills: A psychological study on survivors of tsunami victims. Unpublished manuscript, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Healthcare, Education & Research, Department of Neurology, Cochin, Kerala.
Tiet, Q. Q.,Rosen, C.,Cavella, S., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (2006). Coping, symptoms, and functioning outcomes of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 799-811.
Triandis, H.C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
Von Lieres, S. (2010). Tsunami in Kerala: Long-term psychological distress, sense of coherence, social Support, and coping in a non-industrialized setting. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Leipzig.
Von Lieres, S. (2013). The role of sense of coherence, coping, and social support in buffering the traumatic effects of the 2004 tsunami in Kerala, India. In E.
Witruk, & A. Wilcke (Eds.), Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology (Band 4) (pp. 233-248). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Walster, E., Berscheid, E. & Walster, G.W. (1973). New direction in equity research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 151-176.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). The impact of event scale - revised. In. J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford.
Witruk, E., Reschke, K., & Stueck, M. (2009). Psychische Belastungen von Notfallhelfern - Auswirkungen und psychologische Notfallhilfen für Opfer der Tsunami-Flutkatastrophe in Sri Lanka und Indonesien. Trauma und Gewalt, 3, 196-208.
Witruk, E., Senarath, S., & von Lieres, S. (2010). Disaster aid activities in Tsunami and earthquake affected regions of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India. In E. Witruk, D. Riha, A. Teichert, N. Haase, & M. Stueck (Eds.), Learning Adjustment and Stress Disorders (pp. 369-397). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., & Boyle, S. (2000). The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41 (4), 503-511.
Yzermans, C. J., Donker, G. A., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Soeteman, R. J. H., & Ten Veen, P. M. H. (2005). Health problems of victims before and after disaster: A longitudinal study in general practice. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 820-826.
Zaumseil, M., Hadiyono, J., & Sullivan, G. (2009). Die langfristigen Implikationen von Katastrophenhilfe drei Jahre nach einem Erdbeben in Java/Indonesien. Jahresbericht der Internationalen Akademie für innovative Pädagogik, Psychologie und Ökonomie.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2010). IBM SPSS® AmosTM 19 user’s guide. Crawfordville, FL: Amos Development Corporation.
BPS. (2008). Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta in Figures. Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik –Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta Province.
Bizer, G. Y., Hart, J., & Jekogian, A. M. (2012). Belief in a just world and social dominance orientation: Evidence for a mediational pathway predicting negative attitudes and discrimination against individuals with mental illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 428-432.
Bravo, M., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G. J., Woodbury, M. A., & Ribera, J. C. (1990). The psychological sequelae of disaster stress prospectively and retrospectively evaluated. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 661-680.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bulman, R. J., & Wortman, C. B. (1977). Attributions of blame and coping in the "real world": Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 351-363.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Chang, E. C. (2001). A look at the coping strategies and styles of Asian Americans: Similar and different? In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 222-239). London: Oxford University Press.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995).Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
Comer, R., & Laird, J. D. (1975). Choosing to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer: Why people do it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 92-101.
Cubela-Adoric, V. (2004). Belief in a just world and young adults’ ways of coping with unemployment and the job search. In C. Dalbert & H. Sallay (Eds.), The justice motive in adolescence and young adulthood: Origins and consequences (pp. 189-214) London, UK: Routledge.
Dalbert, C. (1997). Coping with an unjust fate: The case of structural unemployment. Social Justice Research, 10, 175-189.
Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale’s validity. Social Justice Research, 12, 79–98.
Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum Press.
Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and an unjust world: Structure and validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 561-577.
Dolinski, D. (1996). Belief in an unjust world: An egotistic delusion. Social JusticeResearch,9, 213-221.
Fadil, P. A., Williams, R. J., Limpaphayom, W., & Smatt, C. (2005). Equity or equality? A conceptual examination of the influence of individualism/collectivism on the cross-cultural application of equity theory. Cross-Cultural Management, 12, 17–35.
Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 56-83.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: pitfalls and promise. AnnualReview of Psychology, 55, 745-774.
Foa, Keane, & Friedman (2000). Guidelines for treatment of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(4), 539-588.
Furnham, A., & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: Review and critique of the individual differences literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 365-384.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. London: Sage Publication.
Hofstede (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations. CA: Sage publication.
Hofstede, G. (n.d.). What about India. Hofstede Center: Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/india.html.
Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Ikeda, K. (1995). Gender differences in human loss and vulnerability in natural disasters: A case study from Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 171, 2.
Irmansyah, I., Dharmono, S., Maramis, A., & Minas, H. (2010). Determinants of psychological morbidity in survivors of the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh and Nias. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4, 8-17.
Jang, L., & Wang, J. (2009). Disaster resilience in a Hakka community in Taiwan. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 3, 55-65.
Joseph, S., Linley P.A., Andrews, L, Harris, G., Howle, B., Woodward, C., & Shevlin, M. (2005). Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity: psychometric evaluation of the changes in outlook questionnaires. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 70-80.
Juran, L. (2012). The gendered nature of disasters: Women survivors in post-tsunami Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 19, 1-29.
Kessler, R. C., Galea, S., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Ursano, R. J., & Wessely, S. (2008). Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 374-384.
Kirk, A., & Dollar, S. C. (2001). Prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD symptomatology among a selected sample of undergraduated students. Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation, 1, 53-65.
Kostoula, O. (2011). Trauma und posttraumatische Belastungsstörung unter kulturtheoretischer Betrachtung. Journal für Psychologie.19, 1-16.
Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Avoidant coping and PTSD symptoms related to domestic violences exposure: A longitudinal study, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 83-90.
Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., & Heir, T. (2009). Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: An interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1127-1133.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Leitmann, J. (2007). Cities and calamities: Learning from post-disaster response in Indonesia. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 144-153.
Lemercinier, G. (1983). Religion and ideology in Kerala. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre de Recherches Socio-Religieuses, Université Catholique de Louvain.
Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 355–360.
Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 1030-1051.
Lind, E. A., Kray, L., & Thompson, L. (1998). The social construction of injustice: Fairness judgements in response to own and others’ unfair treatment by authorities. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75, 1-22.
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Lipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The importance of distinguishing the belief in a just world for self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 666-677.
Lupfer, M. B., Doan, K., & Houston, D. A. (1998). Explaining unfair and fair outcomes: The therapeutic value of attributional analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 495-511.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-49.
Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C, Weisaeth, L (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. New York : Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M. (1989). Causal attribution, coping strategies, and learned helplessness. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 565-582.
Mikulincer, M., & Solomon, Z. (1989). Causal attribution, coping strategies, and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Personality, 3, 269–284.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Otto, K., & Schmidt, S. (2007). Dealing with stress in the workplace: Compensatory effects of belief in a just world. European Psychologist, 12, 272-282.
Otto, K., Boos, A., Dalbert, C., Schöps, D., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety of flood victims: The impact of the belief in a just world. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1075-1084.
Otto, K., Glaser, D., & Dalbert, C. (2009). Mental health, occupational trust, and the quality of working life: Does the belief in a just world matter? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1288–1315.
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
Qurotul, U. (2013). Integrating gratitude and patience into spiritual intervention. In E. Witruk, & A. Wilcke (Eds.), Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology, (Band 4) (pp. 323-340). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Ritter, C., Benson, D. E., & Snyder, C. (1990). Belief in a just world and depression. Sociological Perspectives, 33, 235-252.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. Von Eye, & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent Variable Analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-519). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99-103.
Swickert, R., DeRoma, V., & Saylor, C. (2004). The relationship between gender and trauma symptoms: A proposed mediational model. Individual Differences Research, 2, 203-213.
Sunidharan, C. S. (2006). Mental health risk factors and coping skills: A psychological study on survivors of tsunami victims. Unpublished manuscript, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Healthcare, Education & Research, Department of Neurology, Cochin, Kerala.
Tiet, Q. Q.,Rosen, C.,Cavella, S., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (2006). Coping, symptoms, and functioning outcomes of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 799-811.
Triandis, H.C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
Von Lieres, S. (2010). Tsunami in Kerala: Long-term psychological distress, sense of coherence, social Support, and coping in a non-industrialized setting. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Leipzig.
Von Lieres, S. (2013). The role of sense of coherence, coping, and social support in buffering the traumatic effects of the 2004 tsunami in Kerala, India. In E.
Witruk, & A. Wilcke (Eds.), Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology (Band 4) (pp. 233-248). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Walster, E., Berscheid, E. & Walster, G.W. (1973). New direction in equity research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 151-176.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). The impact of event scale - revised. In. J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford.
Witruk, E., Reschke, K., & Stueck, M. (2009). Psychische Belastungen von Notfallhelfern - Auswirkungen und psychologische Notfallhilfen für Opfer der Tsunami-Flutkatastrophe in Sri Lanka und Indonesien. Trauma und Gewalt, 3, 196-208.
Witruk, E., Senarath, S., & von Lieres, S. (2010). Disaster aid activities in Tsunami and earthquake affected regions of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India. In E. Witruk, D. Riha, A. Teichert, N. Haase, & M. Stueck (Eds.), Learning Adjustment and Stress Disorders (pp. 369-397). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., & Boyle, S. (2000). The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41 (4), 503-511.
Yzermans, C. J., Donker, G. A., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Soeteman, R. J. H., & Ten Veen, P. M. H. (2005). Health problems of victims before and after disaster: A longitudinal study in general practice. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 820-826.
Zaumseil, M., Hadiyono, J., & Sullivan, G. (2009). Die langfristigen Implikationen von Katastrophenhilfe drei Jahre nach einem Erdbeben in Java/Indonesien. Jahresbericht der Internationalen Akademie für innovative Pädagogik, Psychologie und Ökonomie.
Published
2014-04-01
How to Cite
Witruk, E., Lee, Y., Riyono, B., Kumara, A., & Otto, K. (2014). Dealing With Earthquake Disaster on Java 2006: A Comparison of Affected and Non-affected People. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 29(3), 121-135. Retrieved from https://journal.ubaya.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/4267
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Articles
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