The Roles of Personality Dimensions and Attachment Styles on Working Mothers’ Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
[Peran Dimensi Kepribadian dan Attachment Styles Terhadap Psychological Distress Selama Pandemi COVID-19 Pada Ibu Bekerja]
DOI:
Abstract Views:
165 times
PDF - Full Text Downloads:
87 times
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic situation causes psychological distress for working mothers. Personality and attachment styles are protective factors against psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and types of attachment styles with psychological distress level. This study also aims to find the predictors of psychological distress. The measuring instruments are the Big Five Inventory (BFI), Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). The three measuring instruments were administered to 297 women aged 26-39 years old, who were working from home, and had children aged 1-5 years. Participants were obtained using convenience sampling and the data collection process took place online. Data analysis utilized Spearman’s correlation to test the correlation between variables and multiple regression to test predictor regression of each variable. The results showed positive relationship on the dimension of neuroticism, type of discomfort, type of relationships, type of approval, and type of preoccupation with psychological distress level. The dimension of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and the type of confidence showed a negative relationship, while the dimension of openness did not show any relation. The results of the regression test showed three aspects that act as predictors, namely the dimension of neuroticism, type of approval, and type of preoccupation. The dimension of neuroticism was the predictor with highest contribution. Based on these results, it can be concluded that personality dimensions contribute more dominantly to psychological distress than types of attachment styles.
Situasi pandemi COVID-19 menimbulkan psychological distress pada ibu bekerja. Kepribadian dan attachment styles dapat menjadi faktor protektif terhadap psychological distress. Tujuan studi ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara dimensi kepribadian dan tipe attachment styles dengan tingkat psychological distress. Selain itu, studi ini juga ingin mencari prediktor psychological distress. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Big Five Inventory (BFI), Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), dan Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Alat ukur diadministrasikan kepada 297 perempuan berusia 26-39 tahun, yang melakukan work from home (WFH), dan memiliki anak berusia 1-5 tahun. Partisipan diperoleh dengan convenience sampling dan proses pengambilan data berlangsung secara daring. Analisis data menggunakan Spearman’s correlation untuk uji korelasi antar variabel dan multiple regression untuk uji prediktor tiap variabel. Hasil studi menunjukkan hubungan positif pada dimensi neuroticism, tipe discomfort, tipe relationships, tipe approval, dan tipe preoccupation terhadap tingkat psychological distress. Dimensi extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, dan tipe confidence menunjukkan hubungan negative, sementara dimensi openness tidak menunjukkan hubungan. Hasil uji regresi menunjukkan tiga aspek yang berperan sebagai prediktor, yaitu dimensi neuroticism, tipe approval, dan tipe preoccupation. Dimensi neuroticism merupakan prediktor dengan kontribusi terbesar. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dimensi kepribadian berkontribusi lebih dominan terhadap psychological distress daripada tipe attachment styles.
Downloads
References
Agbaria, Q., & Mokh, A. A. (2022). Coping with stress during the Coronavirus outbreak: The contribution of Big Five personality traits and social support. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1854–1872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00486-2
Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network. (2005). Kessler-10: Training manual. Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.corc.uk.net/media/1275/kessler10_manual.pdf
Boyle, G. J. (2008). Critique of the five-factor model of personality. In. G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment (vol. 1): Personality theories and models (pp. 295-312). Sage Publication. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200462.n14
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Dewi, Z. L., Halim, M. S., & Derksen, J. (2016). Attachment in context: The role of demographic factors among Indonesians from three ethnic groups. Journal of Adult Development, 23(3), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-016-9232-y
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. (2012). Epidemiology of psychological distress. In L. L’Abate (Eds.), Mental illnesses - Understanding, prediction and control (pp. 105-134). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/30872
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Roberts, N. (1998). Emotion, attachment, and satisfaction in close relationships. In P. A. Andersen, & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 473-505). Academic Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-36344-017
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Roberts, N. (2000). Attachment and close relationships. In C. Hendrick, & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 185-201). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220437.n14
Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. A. (2013). Theories of personality (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/theories-personality-feist-feist/M9781260175769.html
Halim, M. S., Derksen, J. J. L., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2004). Development of the Revised-Neo Personality Inventory for Indonesia: A preliminary study. In B. N. Setiadi, A. Supratiknya, W. J. Lonner, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Ongoing themes in psychology and culture: Proceedings from the 16th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 533-548). https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/242
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114-158). The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-11667-004
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. -L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
Kizuki, M., & Fujiwara, T. (2018). Adult attachment patterns modify the association between social support and psychological distress. Frontiers in Public Health, 6: 249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00249
Liang, Z., Delvecchio, E., Cheng, Y., & Mazzeschi, C. (2021). Parent and child’s negative emotions during COVID-19: The moderating role of parental attachment styles. Frontiers in Psychology: Psychology for Clinical Settings, 12: 567483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.567483
Liu, C. H., & Doan, S. N. (2020). Psychosocial stress contagion in children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(9-10), 853-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922820927044
Luo, M., Guo, L., Yu, M., Jiang, W., & Wang, H. (2020). The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 291: 113190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190
Margetić, B., Peraica, T., Stojanović, K., & Ivanec, D. (2021). Predictors of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Croatian study. Personality and Individual Differences, 175(7), 110691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110691
Masyah, B. (2020). Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap kesehatan mental dan psikososial [The COVID-19 pandemic on mental and psychosocial health]. Mahakam Nursing Journal (MNJ), 2(8), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.35963/mnj.v2i7.180 | https://ejournalperawat.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id/ojs/index.php/nursing/article/view/180
Mazza, C., Colasanti, M., Ricci, E., Giandomenico, S. D., Marchetti. D., Fontanesi, L., Verrocchio, M. C., Ferracuti, S., & Roma. P. (2021). The COVID-19 outbreak and psychological distress in healthcare workers: The role of personality traits, attachment styles, and sociodemographic factors. Sustainability, 13(9): 4992. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094992
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Marchetti. D., Fontanesi, L., Giandomenico, S. D., Verrocchio, M. C., & Roma. P. (2020). How personality relates to distress in parents during the COVID-19 lockdown: The mediating role of child’s emotional and behavioral difficulties and the moderating effect of living with other people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH), 17(17): 6236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176236
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-12400-000
Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Pepe, M., Dattoli, L., Molinaro, M., Martin, V. D., Chieffo, D., Janiri, L., Fiorillo, A., Sani, G., & Nicola, M. D. (2020). Affective temperament, attachment styles, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: An early report on the Italian general population. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
Nasir, S. (2020, July 2). COVID-19 and mental health in Indonesia: The pandemic is a lesson for the country’s policymakers. Asia & The Pacific Policy Society: Policy Forum. https://www.policyforum.net/covid-19-and-mental-health-in-indonesia/
Natalya, L. (2018). Validation of Academic Motivation Scale: Short Indonesian Language version. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 34(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v34i1.2025
Nurrachman, N. (2011). Mengapa psikologi perempuan? [Why women psychology?]. In N. Nurrachman, & I. Bachtiar (Eds.), Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia [Women psychology: Indonesian contextual approach] (1st ed., pp. 22-43). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Nurrachman, N. (2011). Diri (self) perempuan: Antara meraih peluang dan menentukan pilihan [The woman self: Between opportunities and decision-making]. In N. Nurrachman, & I. Bachtiar (Eds.), Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia [Women psychology: Indonesian contextual approach] (1st ed., pp. 103-117). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Pandia, W. S. S. (2011). Perempuan dan kariernya: Nafkah versus aktualisasi diri [Women and their career: Livelihood versus self-actualization]. In N. Nurrachman, & I. Bachtiar (Eds.), Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia [Women psychology: Indonesian contextual approach] (1st ed., pp. 159-178). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Pranita, E., & Dewi, B. K. (2020, October 21). 6 masalah psikologis yang paling banyak muncul akibat pandemi COVID-19 [Six psychological problems most likely to occur because of the COVID-19 pandemic]. Kompas.com. https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/10/21/080500923/6-masalah-psikologis-yang-paling-banyak-muncul-akibat-pandemi-covid-19?page=all
Prentice, C., Zeidan, S., & Wang, X. (2020). Personality, trait EI and coping with COVID-19 measures. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51(1): 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101789
Qodariah, L., Abidin, F. A., Lubis, F. Y., Anindhita, V., & Purba, F. D. (2020). Sociodemographic determinants of Indonesian mother’s psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia (Hubs-Asia), 24(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.2201020
Rahmawati, I. M., & Halim, M. S. (2018). Alexithymia pada sampel non klinis: Keterkaitannya dengan gaya kelekatan [Alexithymia on non-clinical samples: The relation with attachment styles]. Jurnal Psikologi, 45(3), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.29106
Ramdhani, N. (2012). Adaptasi bahasa dan budaya dari skala kepribadian Big Five [Language and cultural adaptation of Big Five personality inventory]. Jurnal Psikologi, 39(2), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.6986 | https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jpsi/article/view/6986
Rettew, D. C., McGinnis, E. W., Copeland, W., Nardone, H. Y., Bai, Y., Rettew, J., Devadenam, V., & Hudziak, J. J. (2021). Personality trait predictors of adjustment during the COVID pandemic among college students. PLoS ONE, 16(3): e0248895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248895
Setyaningrum, W., & Yanuarita, H. A. (2020). Pengaruh COVID-19 terhadap kesehatan mental masyarakat di kota Malang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP), 4(4), 550-556. https://doi.org/10.36312/jisip.v4i4.1580
Shanti, T. I. (2011). Peran gender dan pembagian kerja berdasar gender pada setiap tahap perkembangan manusia [Gender roles and gender-based work distribution on each human development stages]. In N. Nurrachman, & I. Bachtiar (Eds.), Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia [Women psychology: Indonesian contextual approach] (1st ed., pp. 68-102). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Shekriladze, I., Javakhishvili, N., & Chkhaidze, N. (2021). Culture related factors may shape coping during pandemics. Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 634078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634078
Sofía, G. C., Lucía, P., & Silvina, G. C. (2021). Personality traits, coping strategies and nonspecific psychological distress: Considerations for mental health in older adults. MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics, 6(2), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojgg.2021.06.00267
Soto, C. J. (2018). Big five personality traits. In M. C. Bornstein (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development (pp. 240-241). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-lifespan-human-development/book245377#description
Wibawa, D. S., & Windyaningsih, M. M. T. W. D. (2011). Perempuan dalam lingkungan sosiokulturalnya: Konstruksi sosial hasil bentukan budaya [Women in their sociocultural environment: Social construction as a result of cultural formation]. In N. Nurrachman, & I. Bachtiar (Eds.), Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia [Women psychology: Indonesian contextual approach] (1st ed., pp. 340-360). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Xiao, W. S. (2021). The role of collectivism-individualism in attitude toward compliance and psychological responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 600826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600826
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Articles published in ANIMA are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. You are free to copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful, non-commercial purpose in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to ANIMA and the original Author(s), link to the license, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license.
Copyright on articles is retained by the respective Author(s), without restrictions. A non-exclusive license is granted to ANIMA to publish the article and identify itself as its original publisher, along with the commercial right to include the article in a hardcopy issue for sale to libraries and individuals.
By publishing in ANIMA, Author(s) grant any third party the right to use their article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
